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SI for Russell’s Bio 221 Muscle practice Name:____________________ Types of muscle tissue Voluntary or involuntary? Striated or non-striated? Mono or multi-nucleated? Location in body? Draw each type of muscle tissue here: Muscles that move bones are called ____________________ because they are under conscious control; all other muscle tissue is called ____________________because it cannot be consciously controlled. The connective tissue around each muscle fiber is the ____________________; the layer around each fascicle is the ____________________, and the layer around the whole muscle is the ____________________. A ____________________connects muscle to bone. All types of muscle tissue produce movement; skeletal muscle also maintains ____________________ and stabilizes ____________________. Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle The plasma membrane of muscle cells is called the ____________________. Inside are rod-shaped organelles with alternating A and I bands called ______________ that make the cell look striated. The contractile units of these organelles are called ____________________. The thread-like proteins that cause contraction are the thick, or ______________ myofilaments and the thin, or ____________ myofilaments. The ____________________ ____________________ is specialized to store and release ____________________ ions to trigger contraction. Skeletal Muscle Activity One neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates make up one __________ __________. The position on the muscle cell where the nerve fiber connects is called the __________ ________ __________. ****Note: Large portions of this study packet were modified from Professor Parsell’s Bio 220 Unit 2 review packet 1 SI for Russell’s Bio 221 Muscle practice The gap between the nerve ending and the muscle cell is the ____________________ ____________________. When the nerve impulse reaches the nerve ending, the chemical (neurotransmitter) ____________________ is released. This chemical binds to the muscle cell membrane causing the sarcolemma to become depolarized. The electrical current generated along the muscle cell’s membrane is called an ______________ __________________ and this is called the “excitation” phase of muscle contraction. During this time, the membrane potential within the muscle cell becomes _______________ and this triggers the opening of __________ channels found within the (SR) __________________ _________________ membrane. Bundles of myosin molecules are called ___________ myofilaments and also contain ATPase enzymes that split ATP into ADP and Pi. The energy stored in this bond allows myosin to assume a ____________ position (or “high-energy” position). After calcium is released within the muscle cell, _______ attaches to the myosin heads and they _________ to actin. Then the myosin heads _______________ to pull the thin filaments towards the ____________ of the sarcomere. Then ATPase hydrolyzes (breaks down) ATP into ADP + Pi, causing the myosin head to _______________ from the actin. And the cycle repeats over and over. This causes the ___-bands and ____-bands to shorten while the ____-bands stay the same length. As all sarcomeres shorten in the myofibril, the muscle shortens resulting in _______________________. Skeletal Muscle Relaxation Skeletal muscle relaxation requires ________________. This is because: 1) __________________ has to be pumped back into the __________________ ____________________ against its ______________________ gradient. 2) Acetylcholine (Ach) has to be cleared away by ________________________________________ (__________). ****Note: Large portions of this study packet were modified from Professor Parsell’s Bio 220 Unit 2 review packet 2 SI for Russell’s Bio 221 Muscle practice Terms to know (note: this list does not include everything you need to know!): Term Definition & Function (where applicable) Epimysium Perimysium Endomysium Muscle Fiber Sarcolemma Myofibril Sarcomere Myofilaments Myosin Actin Motor Neuron Motor Unit Action Potential Neuromuscular Junction Synaptic Cleft Acetylcholine (Ach) Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Atrophy Hypertrophy Prime mover Antagonist Synergist Fixator Flexion Extension 3 SI for Russell’s Bio 221 Muscle practice Abduction Adduction Rotation Circumduction Origin Insertion Action Graded Response All-or-none Law Red Slow Fibers White Fast Fibers Intermediate Fibers 4
