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Table S2. Extrinsic laryngeal, hyoid, lingual muscles and muscles of the fauces of the dhole.
Muscle (portion)
Origin
Termination
Specific features
Function
M. levator veli
muscular process of tympanic part of
soft palate and palatine
connects to its
raises the soft palate
palatini
petrosum of temporal bone, osseous
aponeurosis, medial to
contralateral counter-part
part of auditory tube, medial to the
pteropharyngeal muscle
in the median plane
tensor muscle of the soft palate
M. tensor veli
muscular process of tympanic part of
soft palate and palatine
passes the pterygoid
palatini
petrosum of temporal bone, osseous
aponeurosis, lateral to
hamulus laterally
part of auditory tube, lateral to the
pteropharyngeal muscle
tenses the soft palate
levator muscle of the soft palate
M. palatinus
horizontal plate of palatine bone,
caudal edge of soft palate,
blends with
ventral to choanae
contacting the intrapharyngeal
palatopharyngeal muscle
shortens the soft palate
ostium
M. stylopharyngeus medially from dorsal half of stylohyoid,
lateral wall of pharynx, medially
caudalis
its fibres slightly diverge towards the
and 6-7 mm caudally to
termination
stylohyoid
dilates the pharynx
Mm. constrictores
caudal edge of pterygoid bone, between
pharyngeal raphe, rostral to the
constricts rostral
pharyngis rostrales
the levator muscle (medially) and the
termination of the caudal stylo-
portion of pharynx
(M.
tensor muscle (laterally) of the soft
pharyngeal muscle
pterygopharyngeus) palate, its fibres course caudodorsally
Mm. constrictores
caudal edge of pterygoid bone, palatine
pharyngeal raphe, caudal to the
its fibres course medial to sphincter of
pharyngis rostrales
aponeurosis, medial to pteropharyngeal
termination of the
the termination of the
nasopharynx and
(M.
muscle, its fibres intermingle with those
pteropharyngeal muscle
caudal stylo-pharyngeal
intrapharyngeal ostium
palatopharyngeus)
of the palatine muscle
M. hyopharyngeus
lateroventral half of thyrohyoid, its
muscle
pharyngeal raphe
fibres diverge laterally and converge
constricts middle
portion of pharynx
dorsally towards the termination
Mm. constrictores
laterodorsal aspect of thyroid lamina,
pharyngis caudales
along oblique line, dorsally adjacent to
portion of pharynx
(M.
termination of sternothyroid muscle and
together with the
thyropharyngeus)
to origin of thyrohyoid muscle, its
cricopharyngeal muscle
fibres converge dorsally
pharyngeal raphe
constricts caudal
Mm. constrictores
laterodorsal half of cricoid arch,
pharyngis caudales
dorsally adjacent to cricothyroid
portion of pharynx
(M.
muscle, caudally adjacent to
together with
cricopharyngeus)
termination of sternothyroid muscle, its
thyropharyngeal
fibres diverge dorsally
muscle
M. ceratohyoideus
entire rostral edge of thyrohyoid
pharyngeal raphe
constricts caudal
almost entire caudal edge of
reduces the angle
epihyoid and entire dorsal edge
between thyrohyoid
of ceratohyoid
and ceratohyoid, raises
thyrohyoid and pulls
larynx rostrally
M. hyoepiglotticus
basihyoid and ceratohyoid, its fibres
rostromedially, on the ventral
restores resting position
take an oblique, caudodorsally directed
aspect of the epiglottic cartilage
of epiglottis after
course
deglutition, pulls
epiglottis ventrally
M.
occipitohyoideus
paracondylar process
dorsocaudal edge of stylohyoid
pulls stylohyoid and,
thereby, root of the
tongue and larynx,
caudally
M. stylohyoideus
dorsocaudal end of stylohyoid, caudally
basihyoid, dorsally adjacent to
weak band-like muscle,
raises basihyoid and
adjacent to origin of styloglossus
termination of sternohyoid
consisting of few fibres,
larynx caudodorsally
muscle, its parallel fibres course
muscle and to origin of
surrounding the digastric
ventrally
hyoglossus muscle
muscle (not described)
laterally at its tendinous
intersection between
rostral and caudal belly
M. mylohyoideus
medial surface of body of mandibula,
basihyoid and tendinous median
its transverse fibres
raises floor of oral
along mylohyoid line, its caudal fibres
raphe
support the throat region
cavity and tongue
course medially, its rostral fibres course
hammock-like
mediorostrally
M. styloglossus
dorsorostral edge of stylohyoid, close to
entire lateral edge of tongue, up
its connection with tympanic bulla, its
to lingual apex
fibres course ventrorostrally
long, slender muscle
retracts and shortens
the tongue or turns the
apex to one side
M. hyoglossus
M. genioglossus
M. geniohyoideus
basihyoid, rostral to termination of
lateral portion of tongue,
its fibres intrude into the
retracts and depresses
sternohyoid muscle, rostral edge of
between genioglossus muscle
tongue from caudally,
the tongue
hyopharyngeal muscle, few fibres from
(medially) and styloglossus
antagonist of M.
caudal edge of stylohyoid
muscle (laterally)
genioglossus
rostromedial surface of the body of the
ventral portion of tongue,
paramedian position,
protrudes the tongue,
mandibula, caudally adjacent to the
parallel to the median plane,
touches lingual septum
depresses longitudinal
intermandibular connection, medially
medial to hyoglossus muscle, its
medially
centre portion of
adjacent to origin of geniohyoid muscle
fibres strongly diverge dorsally
rostromedial surface of the body of the
basihyoid, medial to hyoglossus
covered by mylohyoid
moves hyoid and
mandibula, caudally adjacent to the
muscle
muscle
tongue rostrally
basihyoid
common origin with
pulls basihyoid, root of
first costal cartilage, together with
sternothyroid muscle,
the tongue, and larynx
sternothyroid muscle
throughout its length
caudally
tongue furrow-like
intermandibular connection
M. sternohyoideus
dorsal surface of manubrium sterni and
united with its
contralateral counterpart
along the midline and
initially also with
sternothyroid muscle up
to tendinous inscription
M.
dorsal surface of manubrium sterni and
caudal knob of the oblique line
common origin with M.
sternothyroideus
first costal cartilage, together with
of thyroid cartilage, touching the
sternohyoideus up to
sternohyoid muscle
origins of thyrohyoid and
tendinous inscription
pulls larynx caudally
thyropharyngeal muscles
M. thyrohyoideus
oblique line of thyroid cartilage, from
rostral notch to caudal knob, touching
caudal edge of thyrohyoid
short muscle, 20-25 mm
pulls hyoid and tongue
in length
caudally or, with fixed
termination of sternohyoid muscle and
hyoid, the larynx
origin of thyropharyngeal muscle
rostrally