Download Respiratory System notes

Notes – Respiratory System
Functions:
1. deliver ___________ to the _________________system
2. remove ______________________from the _________________system
3 types of respiration:
1. _________________ respiration – exchange of gases between the
________________and the _____________
2. _________________ respiration – exchange of gases between the _________and
the ___________________________________
3. _________________ respiration – the process by which ______________is
broken down in cells to produce ____________
A. The Lungs
The lungs are the sites of _______________respiration.

___________ lung has _____ lobes

___________ lung has _____ lobes
Lungs are located in ______________________, encased in a protective cage of
__________ made up of the _______________, _________________________,
and ______________.

they sit on top of a muscle called the __________________, with the
______________ sandwiched between them
Both lungs are surrounded by a double-layered membrane called the –
________________________________________.

the ____________ pleural membrane is attached to the wall of the
___________________________

the ____________ pleural membrane is attached to the
__________________________________
Between the two membranes is ___________________________

this fluid reduces ______________ between the membranes as you breathe
__________________ – inflamed membranes

very ______________, hurts every time you ________________

it is like having ________ in your eye, it _________ with every breath
B. Respiratory Passageways
1. ___________ – air is filtered of large particles (_________, _____________) by
_______________________
2. _________________________ – lined with ___________ and ____________.

Air is ____________, _______________ and ________________ as it
moves through the nasal cavity
3. _______________(_________________) – passageway for both food and air
4. _________________ (________________) – houses the vocal cords

________________ of sound is controlled by amount of _____ passing
over cords, while ____________is controlled by how tight the vocal cords
are ________________

___________ is prevented from entering the larynx by a small flap of
cartilage called the _________________. The epiglottis will close over the
opening of the larynx when you ________________
5. ________________ (________________) – a 10 to 12 inch tube lined with cilia
and mucus

____________ traps particles that are moved by _________ up to pharynx
and then _________________

the trachea is kept open by C-shaped pieces of ________________
6. ________________– the ______________ end of the trachea that divides to form
two branches that enter each ___________

the right and left __________ divide in the lungs to form smaller branches
that eventually connect to very tiny air passages called ___________________
7. ____________________ – the _______________ respiratory passageways

lined with ________ and ____________, no cartilage supports in their
walls

extending from bronchioles like clusters of grapes are tiny air sacs called
_________________
8. _________________ – one cell layer thick, and they are surrounded by
___________________

location of ___________________________ – exchange of gases
between the __________________ and the _______________________
You have approximately ______________________ alveoli in each lung

_____________ increase the _____________________ of your lungs (you need
a large surface area to exchange large amounts of gases)

if you were to spread out all your alveoli, they would cover a _________________
________________ and _____________ do not have cartilage in their walls

they have a ________________fluid called __________________

___________________ keeps the alveoli and bronchioles open by reducing the
________________________ within them
C. The Mechanism of Breathing
Breathing is the result of ____________ and ____________ changes that occur in the lungs

involves 2 processes: ___________________
____________________
1. ___________________ – taking air into the lungs

occurs when the ______________ and ______________ muscles
___________________

contraction of the _______________ causes it to flatten, contraction of the
_____________ muscles causes the rib cage to expand ______________
and __________________
Contraction of these 2 groups of muscles _______________ the _______________ of
chest cavity
As a result, the _________________ within the chest cavity is now ________ than
atmospheric pressure – air __________ into the lungs
Summary of _________________:
a. diaphragm and intercostal muscles ____________, causing
b. _______________ of chest cavity to , causing
c. _______________ within chest cavity to , resulting in
d. ________________________
2. ___________________ – expelling air from the lungs

occurs when the _____________ and ________________ muscles
____________

relaxation of the ______________ allows it to return to its normal
___________ shape

relaxation of the ________________ muscles cause the rib cage to move
________________ and _______________
Relaxation of these 2 groups of muscles decreases the ______________of the chest cavity.
As a result, the ________________ within the chest cavity is now ________________ than
atmospheric pressure – air _______________ of the lungs
Summary of __________________:
a. diaphragm and intercostal muscles ______________, causing
b. _____________ of chest cavity to , causing
c. ________________ within chest cavity to , resulting in
d. _____________________
Two important facts to remember about respiration:
 volume and pressure are ______________ related to each other
This means that when _______, _______ and when ______, ______
 Inspiration is an _____________ process (muscles ____________), while
expiration is a ________________ process (muscles ____________)
One respiratory cycle = __________________________________

most adults have ______________ respiratory cycles per minute when they are at
__________
Can you consciously control the number of respiratory cycles you have?
Up to a point by ____________________ (rapid breathing) and
________________________ (slow breathing)
Eventually you have to breathe.

when you hold your breath the ________ levels in your blood ___________, causing
the blood to become ___________

the more ____________, the stronger the urge to ______________
D. Gas Exchange and Transport
To understand gas exchange you must remember that gases move across a membrane by
________________
_________________ – movement of substances from a ____________ to a __________
concentration
When you inhale, the air you take into your lungs is high in ______ and low in ______

blood entering the lungs is ________ in ________ and _______ in ________

_________ diffuses
from the _____________ into the ___________________, while
_______ diffuses from the ___________________ into the ______________
When blood reaches the _________ of your body, _____ will diffuse from the ________ into
your body cells.
Oxygen is transported in the bloodstream in 2 ways:
1. _______________________________________
2. _______________________________________
Carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in 3 ways:
1. ____________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________
Carbon dioxide is converted to ________________________ within the RBCs with the help
of a special enzyme called _______________________________
_______________________________________________________
When blood rich in bicarbonate ions _____________ to the lungs, the reverse reaction
occurs and CO2 is _________________
E. Regulation of Breathing
Your normal rate and rhythm of breathing is controlled by a region of your brain called the
________________________________________

it is important to realize that ___________________________ increase your
breathing rate, NOT _______________________________
F. Respiratory System Abnormalities
1. _________________ – collapsed lung
2. _____________________ – inflammation of bronchi
3. __________________________ – excessive mucus production in lungs.
Most __________ genetic disease in U.S.
4. _________________ – walls of alveoli rupture leaving less area for the exchange
of gases
5. ______________________ – malignant growth of cells in lungs. Fewer than 10%
of individuals diagnosed with lung cancer live more than _____ yrs
6. _________________ - bronchioles of the lungs become constricted
7. ___________________ – inflammation of the pleura