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RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
KARNATAKA, BANGALORE
PROFORMA SYNOPSIS FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT
FOR DISSERTATION
1.
NAME OF THE CANDIDATE
MR. JINJI B.S.
M.SC. NURSING
AECS MAARUTI COLLEGE OF
NURSING, BANGALORE.
2.
NAME
OF
INSTITUTION
THE AECS MAARUTI COLLEGE OF
AND NURSING, No.99, NEAR AECS
ADDRESS
MAARUTI DENTAL COLLEGE,
KAMMANHALLI, OFF
B.G.ROAD,BANGALORE.560076
3.
COURSE OF THE STUDY M.SC. NURSING 1st YEAR
AND SUBJECT
COMMUNITY HEALTH
NURSING
4.
5.
DATE OF ADMISSION TO
COURSE
17 JUNE 08
TITLE OF THE TOPIC
“KNOWLEDGE REGARDING
HEALTH HAZARDS OF
GLOBAL WARMING AMONG
ADULTS IN URBAN AREAS OF
BANGALORE SOUTH WITH A
VIEW TO DEVELOP AN
INFORMATION BOOKLET .’’
INTRODUCTION
Over coming decades, humankind is likely to be subjected to the impacts of rapid
environmental change that is attributable at least in part to human activities. While the
balance between humans and their resource-base has always been delicate, the
accelerated changes resulting from industrialization and significant global population
increase over the last century has resulted in visible impacts on the global environment
and the resource base that determine the basic conditions for human health, in particular
food and water availability and quality.
The impacts of climatic change on human health are complex to ascertain, because
populations have different vulnerabilities to climate and susceptibility to disease.
However, there are likely to be two distinct types of impacts, those related to the
physiological effects of heat and cold, and indirect effects such as the spread of vectorborne pathogens into areas where disease currently does not exist or was eradicated in the
past, in and out-migration of allergenic pollen, and enhanced air pollution in large cities. 1
Most of the consequences of global warming would result from physical changes: sea
level rise, higher local temperatures, and changes in rainfall patterns, but synergistic
affects such as warming causing the release of methane hydrates or clathrates; oceans and
forests and species dying off create many unforeseen impacts such as a decrease in the
amount of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere.
Due to global warming heat most frequently occur with sudden increases in heat stress.
Heat waves regularly produce an increase in the incidence of heat casualties. And few
newcomers to very hot climates can afford to ignore the potential hazards of the first few
days of heat exposure.
The initial physiological adjustments to heat, involving changes in cutaneous
vasodilatation and fluid balance, often produce mild swelling of the ankles or feet .
Syncope can be precipitated by a sudden change in posture or by venous stasis in the legs
during prolonged standing. Skin disorders, such as prickly heat and skin rashes, may
occur when sweat is allowed to accumulate on unventilated skin. Increased fluid
requirements in warmer environments make it imperative to ensure adequate supplies of
potable water as a primary health objective. Even when drinking-water is freely available,
sweat losses in hot environments are not usually completely replaced. 2
It is important to increase awareness of the potential health effects of changes in the
climate. For this purpose, region-specific educational material that addresses particular
local health problems should be produced. Such materials should be distributed to
professionals, schools, and the general population.
6. BRIEF FESUME OF INTENDED WORK
6.1 Need for the study:
Global warming could do more to hurt your health than simply threaten summertime
heat stroke, says a public health physician. Although heat related illnesses and deaths will
increase with the temperatures, climate change is expected to also attack human health
with dirtier air and water, more flood-related accidents and injuries, threats to food
supplies, hundreds of millions of environmental refugees, and stress on and possible
collapse of many ecosystems that now purify our air and water.1
World Health Organization Regional Director for the Western Pacific, warned: “We have
now reached a critical stage in which global warming has already seriously impacted
lives and health, and this problem will pose an even greater threat to mankind in coming
decades if we fail to act now. Among the potential effects of global warming would be
the appearance of mosquitoes where they were previously absent, with the accompanying
threat of malaria and dengue fever. Some regions might be at risk of reduced rainfall,
causing a shortage of fresh water and introducing the danger of waterborne diseases.
Millions of people could be at risk of malnutrition and hunger if arable lands become
unworkable2.
Global warming will cause more deaths in summer because of higher temperatures but
these will not be offset by fewer deaths in milder winters finds an analysis published
online ahead of print in Occupational and Environment Medicine.
The Harvard researchers analyzed city-specific weather data related to the deaths of more
than 6.5 million people in 50 US cities between 1989 and 2000. They found that during
two-day cold snaps there was a 1.59 percent increase in deaths because of the extreme
temperatures. However, during similar periods of extremely hot weather death rates went
up by 5.74 percent. Deaths did not rise as steeply when temperature fluctuations were less
extreme.
Deaths from all causes are known to rise when temperatures go up, and heart attacks and
cardiac arrests are more likely when it is very cold. It was anticipated that global
warming would increase deaths during hot temperatures but that this would be
compensated for by fewer deaths in the winter.
But the authors conclude: "Our findings suggest that decreases in cold weather as a result
of global warming are unlikely to result in decreases in cold-related mortality in the US.
Heat-related mortality, in contrast, may increase, particularly if global warming is
associated with increased variance of summer temperature. 3
Global Warming is a serious threat to the world population and the health hazards are
enormous. Prevention of these health hazards is very essential by creating awareness
among the population. Therefore the researcher has felt the need to explore the
knowledge regarding health hazards of global warming with a view to develop
information booklet.
6.2 Review of Literature:
A study conducted on impact of Global warming on viral disease is believed to induce a
gradual climate change. Hence, it was predicted that tropical insects might expand their
habitats thereby transmitting pathogens to humans. Although this concept is a conclusive
presumption, clear evidence is still lacking-at least for viral diseases. Epidemiological
data indicate that seasonality of many diseases is further influenced by strong single
weather events, inter-annual climate phenomena, and anthropogenic factors. So far,
emergence of new diseases was unlinked to global warming. Re-emergence and
dispersion of diseases was correlated with translocation of pathogen-infected vectors or
hosts. Variation in the incidence of vector-borne diseases is associated with extreme
weather events and annual changes in weather conditions. Moreover, it is assumed that
global warming might lead to an increase of infectious disease outbreaks. While a
number of reports link disease outbreaks to single weather events, the El Niño/Southern
Oscillation and other large-scale climate fluctuations, no report unequivocally associates
vector-borne diseases with increased temperature and the environmental changes
expected to accompany it. 4
A study conducted on Climate change and health: global to local influences on disease
risk. The World Health Organization has concluded that the climatic changes that have
occurred since the mid 1970s could already be causing annually over 150,000 deaths and
five million disability-adjusted life-years mainly in developing countries The less
developed countries are, ironically, those least responsible for causing global warming.
Many health outcomes and diseases are sensitive to climate, including: heat-related
mortality or morbidity; air pollution-related illnesses; infectious diseases, particularly
those transmitted, indirectly, via water or by insect or rodent vectors; and refugee health
issues linked to forced population migration. Yet, changing landscapes can significantly
affect local weather more acutely than long-term climate change. Land-cover change can
influence micro-climatic conditions, including temperature, evapo-transpiration and
surface run-off, that are key determinants in the emergence of many infectious diseases.5
A study conducted on the global warming harmful to health will expand the incidence
and distribution of many serious medical disorders. Global warming, aside from
indirectly causing death by drowning or starvation, promotes by various means the
emergence, resurgence, and spread of infectious diseases. This article addresses the
health effects of global warming and disrupted climate patterns in detail. Among the
greatest health concerns are diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, such as malaria, dengue
fever, yellow fever, and several kinds of encephalitis. Such disorders are projected to
become increasingly prevalent because their insect carriers are very sensitive to
meteorological conditions. In addition, floods and droughts resulting from global
warming can each help trigger outbreaks by creating breeding grounds for insects whose
desiccated eggs remain viable and hatch in still water. Other effect of global warming is
the increase of the incidence of waterborne diseases because of lack of clean water. 6
A study conducted on climatic change and global infectious disease threat reveals the
world's climate is warming up and, while debate continues about how much change we
can expect, it is becoming clear that even small changes in climate can have major effects
on the spread of disease. Erwin K Jackson, a member of Greenpeace International's
Climate Impacts Unit and a delegate to the 11th session of the United Nations
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Rome, 11-15 December), reviews the
scientific evidence of this new global threat to health. 7
A study conducted on climatic change and water borne and vector borne disease
considers the potential impact on human health from waterborne and vector-borne
infections. It concentrates on the impact of two possible changes to climate; increased
frequency of heavy rainfall events, with associated flooding and increased temperature. .
There have been numerous reported of outbreaks that followed flooding that led to
contamination of underground sources of drinking water. Heavy rainfall also leads to
deterioration in the quality of surface waters that could adversely affect the health of
those engaged in recreational water contact. It is also concluded that there may be an
increase in the number of cyanobacterial blooms because of a combination of increased
nutrient concentrations and water temperature. It is considered unlikely that climate
change will lead to an increase in disease linked to mains drinking water, although
private supplies would be at risk from increased heavy rainfall events. Although
increased temperature could lead to climatic conditions favourable to increases in certain
vector-borne diseases such as malaria, the infrastructure in the UK would prevent the
indigenous spread of malaria8
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:
A STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE REGARDING HEALTH HAZARDS
OF GLOBAL WARMING AMONG ADULTS IN URBAN AREAS OF
BANGALORE SOUTH WITH A VIEW TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATION
BOOKLET.
6.3 Objectives
1.
To assess the knowledge regarding health hazards of global warming among
adults in urban areas of Bangalore south
2.
To find out the association between knowledge and selected demographic
variables
3.
To develop an information booklet on the health hazards of global warming.
Operational definition
Assess - In this study it refers to adults’ knowledge about health hazards of global
warming
Knowledge - In this study it refers to correct responses of adult health hazards on Global
warming
Adults - In this study it refers to male and female aged between 18 to 45 years.
Health Hazards of Global warming: In this study it refers to selected health problems
such as vector borne diseases, infectious diseases and heat strokes due to climactic
change.
Information Booklet: In this study, it refers to a booklet containing information on
health hazards of global warming and its prevention that is self paced and self
explanatory.
Hypothesis:
H1: There is a significant association between the knowledge and selected
demographic variables
Variables of Study:
1. Research variables: knowledge of adults regarding health hazards of global warming
2 Demographic Variables: In this study demographic variable such as age, sex,
Education occupation, and income.
Delimitation:
This study is limited to male and female adults aged between 18 to 45 years Bangalore
South.
7. Material and Methods:
7.1. Sources of Data:-The data will be collected from adults of at selected areas of
Gottegere PHC Bangalore South.
7.2. Methods of Data Collection: - The Researcher personally will collect the data
from adults of Gottegere PHC Banglore south
Research Approach: Non experimental survey approach.
Research Design: Descriptive survey study.
Research Setting: The study will be conducted at selected areas of Gottegere PHC
Bangalore South.
Population: The population of study comprises of adults males and females.
Sample Size: study comprises of adults 50 males and 50 females.
Sampling technique: Convenient sampling technique will be used to select the samples
among selected areas of Bangalore south
Sampling criteria:
Inclusion criteria:
1 Adults who are willing to participate in the study
2 Adults who are available during the period of data collection
Data Collection Tools:
The tool will consists of structured interview schedule
Section 1: This section consists of items on demographic variables regarding adults
Section 2: This section consists of knowledge questions regarding health hazards of
global warming
Method of data analysis
The data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques.
Descriptive statistical technique like mean, median, mode, percentage and standard
deviation will be used. Inferential statistical technique like chi-square correlation, coefficient of correlation and relevant statistical techniques will be used.
7.3. Does the study required any investigation or intervention to be
conducted on patient and other human or animals?
NO, it is only a descriptive study.
7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution?
Ethical clearance is obtained from AECS Maaruti college of nursing.
Written permission will be obtained from concerned authorities.
Written permission will be obtained from the adults who are involved in the study before
collecting the data.
8.0 List of References
1. Health Effects of Temperature Cold Weather,(online)
available from URL
http://www.co2science.org.
2. Global warming will threaten health through dirtier air, hotter days, and more
natural disasters. Mongabay (.online) october 23;2006: available from URL
//www.mmedicalnewstoday.com
3. Global Warming And Your Health Science,(oline) Oct, .29 2 available from URL,
http ://www .science daily .com
4. Zell R, krumbholz A, Wutzler P, Impact of g lobal warming on viral disease.
Curr Opin Biotechnol(.online) 2008 Oct 31 (online)PMID: 15146981.
5.
Diaz JH, “influence of global warming on natural disasters and their public health
outcomes”(online). 2007 Jan-Feb;2(1):33-42.
6. Epstein PR, global warming harmful to health Center for Health and the Global
Environment, Harvard Medical School, USA Comment in Sci Am (online). 2000
Aug;283(2):8.Available URL ;http//www.ncbi.nlm.gov. PMID: 10914399.
7. Jackson EK, climatic change and global infectious disease threats. Med J( online)
Aust. 1995 Dec 4-18; 163(11-12):570-4. Links PMID: 8538543.
8.
Hunter PR Climate change and waterborne and vector-borne disease School of
Medicine, Health Policy and Practice(,online) University of East Anglia,
Norwich, UK.availablefrom URL:s paul.hunter@uea.ac.uk PMID: 12675935
9
SIGNATURE OF THE
CANDIDATE
10
REMARKS OF THE
GUIDE:
11
11.1 NAME AND
DISIGNATION OF
GUIDE
DR. B.S. SHAKUNTALA
DEAN AND PRINCIPAL
HOD COMMUNITY HEALTH
NURSING
AECS MAARUTI COLLEGE OF
NURSING, BANGALORE
11.2 SIGNATURE:
11.3 CO-GUIDE:
11.4 SIGNATURE:
11.5 HEAD OF THE
DEPARTMENT:
SIGNATURE:
12
12.1 REMARKS OF
THE PRINCIPAL:
12.2 SIGNATURE:
DR. B.S. SHAKUNTALA