Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the work of artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Laboratory Exercise 1
Document related concepts
no text concepts found
Transcript
Laboratory Exercise 1 Human anatomy Human physiology Scientific method Hypothesis Experiment Data Metric system Kilo Milli Independent variable Dependent variable Mean Root word Prefixes Suffixes Laboratory Exercise 2 Regional anatomy Systemic anatomy Organ systems Reproductive system Urinary system Nervous system Muscular system Respiratory system Skeletal system Lymphatic system Immune system Integumentary system Digestive system Endocrine system Cardiovascular system Anatomical position Isproximal Parietal Visceral Ipsilateral Contralateral Transverse Horizontal Plane Coronal Frontal Sagittal plane Midsagittal Parasagittal plane Median Dorsal cavity Ventral cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Thoracic cavity Mediastinum Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Laboratory Exercise 3 Light microscopy Laboratory Exercise 4 Plasma membrane Cell membrane Cytoplasm Organelles Cytosol Cytoskeleton Phospholipid bilayer Cholesterol molecules Peripheral proteins Transmembrane proteins Microtubules Intermediate filaments Microfilaments Actin Specialization Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Cristae Ribosomes Free ribosomes Bound ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Cisternae Vesicles Golgi complex Lysosomes Nucleus DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Chromatin Nuclear membrane Nuclear pores Nucleoli RNA (ribonucleic acid) Zygote Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis G1 phase Double helix Nuclear division Chromosomes Chromatids Centromere Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Chromatids Mitotic apparatus Spindle fibers Kinetochores Asters Centrioles Metaphase plate Daughter chromosome Cytokinesis Cleavage furrow Laboratory Exercise 5 Kinetic energy Brownian motion Diffusion Concentration gradient Equilibrium Solvent Solute Solution Selectively permeable membrane Osmosis Osmotic potential Hypertonic Hypotonic Equilibrium Isotonic Osmotic pressure Initial weight Change of weight Crenation Hemolysis Filtration Selectivity Filtration rate Laboratory Exercise 6 Histology Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Nervous tissue Basement membrane Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Simple cells Stratified cells Endothelium Mesothelium Goblet cells Desmosomes Tight junctions Fibers Striations Multinucleate Syncytial Myocytes Involuntary muscle Intercalated discs Neuron Dendrites Nerve cell body Soma Axon Glial cells Neuroglia Matrix Mesenchyme Fibrous connective tissue Bone Cartilage Blood Dense regular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Collagen Collagenous fibers Fibroblasts Elastic fibers Elastin Reticular fibers Elastic Blasts Mast cells Macrophages Adipocytes Lacuna Perichondrium Chondrocytes Hydroxyapatite crystal Calcium salt Osteons Central canal Blood Plasma Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets Laboratory Exercise 7 Integumentary system Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis Hair follicles Sebaceous (oil) glands Sudoriferous (sweat) glands Sweat ducts Stratified squamous epithelium Keratin Strata Stratum basale Basement membrane Melanocytes Melanin Stratum spinosum Desmosomes Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Papillary layer Reticular layer Papillae Collagenous Elastic fibers Reticular fibers Blood vessels Light touch corpuscles Meissner’s corpuscles Merkel discs Pacinian corpuscles Warm receptors Cool receptors Pain receptors Sudoriferous (sweat) glands Lactiferous (milk) glands Sebaceous (oil) glands Ceruminous (earwax) glands Eccrine (merocrine) glands Evaporative cooling Aprocrine glands Sebum Hair Hair follicles Shaft Root Hair bulb Determinate hair Interdeterminate hair Dermal papilla Root shealth Piloerector (arrector pili) Medulla Cortex Melanin Cuticle Nail body Free edge Eponychium Nail root Nail bed Lunula Hyponychium Nail groove Nail fold Laboratory Exercise 8 Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Pectoral girdle Upper extremity Pelvic girdle Lower extremity Organic material Inorganic material Hydroxyapatite Epiphyses Diaphysis Articular cartilage Epiphyseal line Epiphyseal plate Hyaline cartilage Compact bone Spongy bone Trabeculae Marrow cavity Medullary cavity Red marrow Yellow marrow Diploe Nutrient foramina Perforating canals Periosteum Tendons Ligaments Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Endosteum Long Short Flat Irregular Osteons Central (haversian or osteonic) canal Lacunae Osteocytes Canaliculi Lamellae Osteogenic cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts Stem cells Laboratory Exercise 9 Pectoral girdle Upper extremity Pelvic girdle Lower extremity Scapulae Clavicles Superior border Vertebral (medial) border Axillary (lateral) border Scapular notch Subscapular fossa Scapular spine Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Acromion process Coracoid process Inferior angle Superior angle Glenoid cavity Infraglenoid tubercle Clavicle Sternal end Acromial end Conoid tubercle Humerus Head Anatomical neck Epiphyseal line Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Shaft Nutrient foramen Capitulum Trochlea Condyles Epicondyles Medial supracondylar ridge Lateral supracondylar ridge Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Radius Ulna Head Radial tuberosity Styloid process Ulnar notch Trochlear notch Olecranon process Coronoid process Distal head Styloid process Radial notch Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate Hamulus Hamate Metacarpals Base Body Head Phalanges Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Coxal Innominate Bones Os coxae Ilium Ischium Pubis Subpubic angle Pelvis Iliac crest Iliac blade Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Iliac fossa Ischial spine Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen Acetabulum Ischial ramus Inferior pubic ramus False pelvis True pelvis Pelvic brim Arcuate line Femur Tibia Head Acetabulum Neck Trochanters Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric crest Intertrochanteric line Shaft Linea aspera Gluteal tuberosity Medial condyles Lateral condyles Epicondyles Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Adductor tubercle Patella Sesamoid bone Tibia Tibial condyles Intercondylar eminence Anterior crest Tibial tuberosity Medial malleous Fibula Head Lateral malleous Tarsal bones Talus Calcaneus Navicular Cuneiform Medialcuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Cuboid Metatarsals Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Hallux Laboratory Exercise 10 Vertebral column Intervertebral discs Vertebral foramen Vertebral (neural) Arch Pedicles Laminae Transverse processes Spinous process Superior articular process Superior articular facet Inferior articular process Inferior articular facet Intervertebral foramina Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Sacral (pelvic) curvature Scoliosis Kyphosis Lordosis Cervical vertebrae Vertebral foramen Transverse foramina Bifid spinous processes Atlas Axis Dens process Odontoid process Vertebra prominens Spinous process Thoracic vertebrae Complete costal facet Superior costal facet Inferior costal facet Transverse costal facets Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Transverse lines Anterior surface Anterior sacral foramina Posterior sacral foramina Sacral promontory Ala Auricular Articular Surfaces Sacroiliac joint Median sacral crests Lateral sacral crests Sacral canal Sacral hiatus Superior articular process Superior articular facets Coccyx Hyoid Greater cornua Lesser cornua Ribs Head Facet Neck Tubercle Shaft Angle of the rib Costal angle Sternal end Costal groove True ribs Vertebrosternal ribs False ribs Vertebrochondral ribs Floating ribs Vertebral ribs Sternum Manubrium Median suprasternal notch Clavicular notches Sternal angle Costal notches Xiphoid process Laboratory Exercise 11 Cranium Face Frontal bone Orbits Supraorbital ridges Supraorbital foramina Nasal bones Maxillae Lacrimal bones Nasolacrimal duct Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Zygomatic bones Alveoli Alveolar processes Infraorbital foramen Mandible Mental symphysis Mental foramina Coronal suture Saggital suture Lambdoid suture Sutural bones Wormian bones Squamous suture Temporal bone Parietal bone Frontal bone Parietal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone External occipital protuberance External acoustic Auditory meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Zygomatic arch Zygomatic bone Condyloid process Mandibular condyle Coronoid process Mandibular notch Ramus of the mandible Body of the mandible Angle Mandibular foramen Foramen magnum Occipital condyles Jugular foramen Mastoid notch Carotid canal Foramen lacerum Mandibular fossa Greater wings Lateral pterygoid plate Medial pterygoid plate Foramen ovale Vomer Nasal septum Internal nares Hard palate Palatine bone Median palatine suture Palatine processes of the maxilla Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossae Posterior cranial fossa Ethmoid bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Olfactory foramina Frontal sinus Sella turcica Dorsum sellae Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Squamous portion Petrous portion Internal acoustic meatus Nasal septum Vomer Perpendicular plate Nasal cartilage Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Mandibular foramen Paranasal sinuses Frontal sinus Maxillary sinus Ethmoid sinus Sphenoid sinus Frontanels Anterior (frontal) fontanel Posterior (occipital) fontanel Anterolateral (sphenoid) fontanels Posterolateral (mastoid) fontanels Ethmoid bone Perpendicular plate Orbital plate Middle nasal conchae Superior nasal conchae Cristal galli Cribriform plate Sphenoid bone Greater wings Lesser wings Medial pterygoid plates Lateral pterygoid plates Sella turcica Dorsum sellae Hypophyseal fossa Laboratory Exercise 12 Arthrology Articulations Bony joint Synostosis Fibrous joints Suture Synostosis Gomphosis Periodontal ligaments Syndesmosis Cartilaginous joint Synchondroses Synchondrosis Epiphyseal plate Costal cartilages Symphysis Fibrocartilaginous Synovial joints Joint capsule Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane Synovial fluid Synovial cavity Articular cartilage Ligaments Bursae Bursa Tendon sheaths Synarthrotic joints Amphiarthrotic joints Diarthrotic joints Plane, or gliding, joints Hinge joints Pivot joints Ellipsoid (condyloid) joints Saddle jointsball-and-socket joints Temporomandibular joint Articular disc Shoulder (humeral) joint Glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint Glenoid labrum Rotator cuff muscles Elbow (humeroulnar joint Anular ligament Hip joint Acetabulofemoral joint Acetabular labrum Ligamentum teres Fovea capitis Tibiofemoral joint Knee joint Tibial (medial) collateral ligament Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament Anterior cruciate ligament Posterior cruciate ligament Patellar tendon Patellar ligament Medial menisci Lateral menisci First-class lever Second-class lever Third-class lever Flexion Extension Hyperextension Abduction Adduction Rotation Lateral rotation Medial rotation Supination Pronation Circumduction Protraction Retraction Elevation Depression Inversion Eversion Fixing Prime mover Synergists Antagonists Laboratory Exercise 13 Origin Insertion Innervation Fixing Prime mover Synergists Antagonists Action Fiber direction Number of heads Shape Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Deltoid Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres minor Teres major Musculotendinous (rotator) cuff Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres minor Biceps brachii Triceps brachii Coracobrachialis Brachialis Brachioradialis Sharps container Teats Scrotum Prepuce Urogenital opening Anus Vibrissae Claws Friction pads Tail Cutaneous maximus Platysma Dissection Tendon Aponeuroses Fascia Belly Transecting Reflect Pectoantebrachialis Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Xiphihumeralis Clavotrapezius Acromiotrapezius Spinotrapezius Clavodeltoid Acromiodeltoid Spinodeltoid Latissimus dorsi Levator scapulae ventralis Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres major Teres minor Epitrochlearis Biceps brachii Triceps brachii Anconeus Brachioradialis Brachialis Laboratory Exercise 14 Supinator Pronator teres Pronator quadratus Palmaris longus Palmar aponeurosis Flexor carpi radialis Flexor retinaculum Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum profundus Interosseus membrane Flexor pollicis longus Thenar eminence Flexor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis Hypothenar eminence Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi brevis Opponens digiti minimi Extensor retinaculum Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Pronator teres Palmaris longus Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpiulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis Supinator Flexor digitorum profundus Pronator quadratus Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum communis Extensor digitorum lateralis Extensor pollicis brevis Laboratory Exercise 15 Iliopsoas Iliacus Psoas major Psoas minor Sartorius Gracilis Pectineus Adductor muscles Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis Tensor fasciae latae Iliotibial tract Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Great saphenous vein Sartorius Gracilis Vastus medialis Adductor femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Adductor longus Adductor femoris Biceps femoris Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus muscles Caudofemoralis Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Semimembranosus Laboratory Exercise 16 Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion Calcaneal tendon Soleus Plantaris Popliteus Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Fibularis tertius Gastrocnemius Soleus Popliteus Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tibialis posterior Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Fibularis tertius Laboratory Exercise 17 Levator scapulae Scalenes Sternocleidomastoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Omohyoid Platysma Mylohyoid Frontalis Galea aponeurotica Occipitalis Occipitofrontalis Temporalis Masseter Pterygoid Orbicularis oculi Orbicularis oris Corrugator supercilii Zygomaticus major Zygomaticus minor Risorius Mentalis Buccinators Depressor labii inferioris Levator labii superioris Levator scapulae Scalenes Platysma Sternomastoid Cleidomastoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Digastric Mylohyoid Temporalis Masseter Pterygoids Laboratory Exercise 18 Valsalva maneuver External abdominal oblique Internal obdominal oblique Transversus abdominis Rectus abdominis Tendinous intersections Intercostal Diaphragm Serratus angterior External intercostal Internal intercostal Erector spinae Spinalis Longissimus Iliocostalis Multifidus Quadratus lumborum Rhomboideus muscles Splenius Semispinalis External abdominal oblique Internal abdominal oblique Transversus abdominis Rectus abdominis Serratus anterior External intercostal Internal intercostal Rhomboideus Splenius Erector spinae Multifidus Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis Laboratory Exercise 19 Nerve impulse Synapse Neuromuscular junction Acetylcholine (Ach) Transverse (T) tubules Calcium Actin Myosin filaments (myofilaments) Depolarized Graded response Twitch Stimulus Latent phase Contraction phase Relaxation phase Threshold Refractory period Temporal summation Wave summation Incomplete tetanus Frequency Complete tetanus THE AIM WET LAB Arrow cursor Journal entry Chapter Summary Data Maximum recruitment Single pith Double pith Sciatic nerve Ligate Gastrocnemius muscle Duration Threshold stimulus Motor unit Maximum recruitment Maximum recruitment voltage Laboratory Exercise 20 Neuron Neuroglia Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervus system (PNS) Neuron Synapse Axon Dendrite Nerve cell body Soma Neuroplasm Nissl bodies Nucleus Axon hillock Sensory (afferent) neurons Motor (efferent) neurons Interneurons Association neurons Multipolar neuron Bipolar neurons Unipolar Pseudounipolar neurons Electrochemically Synaptic knob Synapse Neurotransmitters Neuroglia Glial cells Schwann cell Neurolemmocyte Nodes of Ranvier Myelin Myelin sheath White matter Salutatory conduction Unmyelinated fibers Gray matter Oligondendrocytes Astrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells Pyramidal cells Purkinje cells Laboratory Exercise 21 Prosencephalon Forebrain Mesencephalon Midbrain Rhombencephalon Hindbrain Meninges Dura mater Periosteal layer Meningeal layer Arachnoid mater Subarachnoid space Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Pia mater Vertebral arteries Internal carotid arteries Basilar artery Arterial circle Cerebellar arteries Cerebral arteries Venous sinuses Internal jugular veins Lateral ventricles Cerebrospinal fluid Choroid plexuses Interventricular foramina Third ventricle Fourth ventricle Mesencephalic (cerebral) aqueduct Hydrocephaly Internal jugular veins Forebrain Hindbrain Cerebrum Convolutions Sulci Fissures Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Lateral fissure Broca area Motor speech area Central sulcus Precentral gyrus Primary motor cortex Motor homunculus Postcentral gyrus Primary somatic sensory cortex Sensory homunculus Association areas Wernicke area Transverse fissure Lateral fissure Primary auditory cortex Olfactory centers Gustatory centers Longitudinal fissure Left cerebral hemisphere Right cerebral hemisphere Cerebral asymmetry Hemispheric dominance Pituitary gland Optic chiasma Mammillary bodies Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Folia Decussation of the pyramids Corpus callosum Splenium Genu Septum pellucidum Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Mammillary bodies Optic chiasma Pineal gland Cerebral peduncles Mesencephalic (cerebral) aqueduct Peduncles Tectum Corpora quadrigemina Superior colliculi Inferior colliculi Substantia nigra Hindbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Cerebellar cortex Arbor vitae Folia Unmyelinated Myelinated Gray matter Cerebral cortex White matter Tracts Basal nuclei (basal ganglia) Neural groove Neural tube Central canal Olfactory nerve Optic nerve Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Trigeminal nerve Abducens nerve Facial nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve Vagus nerve Accessory nerve Hypoglossal nerve Dura mater Archnoid mater Subarachnoid space Pia mater Laboratory Exercise 22 Conus medullaris Filum terminale Cauda equine Cervical enlargement Lumbar enlargement Gray matter White matter Posterior gray horns Anterior gray horns Lateral gray horns Gray commissure Central canal Tracts Ascending tracts Descending tracts Posterior median sulcus Anterior median fissure Multipolar neurons Meninges Dura mater Epidural space Arachnoid mater (membrane) Pia mater Subarachnoid space Cerebrospinal fluid Dorsal ramus Ventral ramus Spinal nerve Invertebral foramen Dorsal root Ventral root Nerves Endoneurium Perineurium Epineurium Spinal nerves Mixed nerves 8 cervical nerves 12 thoracic nerves 5 lumbar nerves 5 sacral nerves 1 coccygeal nerve Plexuses Phrenic nerve Cervical plexus Brachial plexus Axillary nerve Musculocutaneous nerve Median nerve Ulnar nerve Radial nerve Femoral nerve Obturator nerve Tibial nerve Common fibular (peroneal) nerve Sciatic nerve Thoracic nerves Laboratory Exercise 23 Irritability Conductivity Procaine hydrochloride Somatic reflex Visceral reflex Autonomic reflex Stimulus Receptor Afferent neuron Efferent neuron Effector Interneuron Hyporeflexic Hyperreflexic Patellar reflex Triceps brachii reflex Biceps brachii reflex Calcaneal tendon reflex Laboratory Exercise 24 General (somesthetic) senses Special senses Punctuate distribution Stimuli Modalities Receptors Photoreceptors Thermoreceptors Proprioreceptors Pain receptors Nociceptors Mechanoreceptors Baroreceptors Chemoreceptors Tonic receptors Phasic receptors Absolute value Relative value Laboratory Exercise 25 Gestation Olfaction Laboratory Exercise 26 Pupil Iris Sclera Conjunctiva Lateral commissure Medial commissure Lacrimal caruncle Upper eyelid Eyelashes Lower eyelid Eyebrow Extrinsic muscles Lacrimal apparatus Lacrimal gland Nasolacrimal duct Cornea Anterior cavity Anterior chamber Iris Posterior chamber Lens Aqueous humor Ciliary body Venous sinus Circular muscles Radial muscles Posterior cavity Vitreous humor Tunics Choroid Retina Pigmented epithelium Neural layer Bipolar cells Ganglion cells Optic nerve Ganglionic Bipolar Photosensitive Rods Cones Macula lutea Fovea centralis Tapetum lucidum Near point Visual field Binocular Stereoscopic Vision Visual acuity Diabetes mellitus Hyperopia Myopia Consensual reflex Rhodopsin Retinal Opsin Optic disc Optic nerve Blind spot Laboratory Exercise 27 Mechanoreception Proprioreception Static equilibrium Dynamic equilibrium Outer (external) ear Middle ear Inner ear Tympanic membrane (eardrum) Ossicles (bones) Auditory (Eustachian) tube Cochlea Vestibule Semicircular ducts Pinna (auricle) Helix Earlobe (lobule) Auditory canal Tympanic cavity Ossicles Malleus Incus Stapes Auditory tube Bony labyrinth Perilymph Membranous labyrinith Endolymph Oval window (fenestra ovalis) Round window (fenestra rotunda) Scala vestibule Cochlear duct (scala media) Scala tympani Spiral organ (acoustic organ or organ of Corti) Vestibular membrane Basilar membrane Vestibulocochlear nerve Auditory cortex Temporal lobe Vestibule Utricle Saccule Otoliths Semicircular ducts Ampulla Crista ampullaris Cupula Stereocilia Angular acceleration Rotational acceleration Anterior semicircular ducts Posterior semicircular ducts Lateral semicircular ducts Threshold for hearing Conduction feafness Conduction deafness Laboratory Exercise 28 Endocrine system Hormones Exocrine glands Target cells Melatonin Pituitary gland Hypophysis Anterior lobe Adenohypophysis Intermediate lobe Posterior lobe Neurohypophysis Infundibulum Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Growth hormone (GH) Prolactin (PRL) Gonadotropins Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) Hypothalamus Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Oxytocin Thyroid gland Lobes Isthmus Follicle cells Colloid Parafollicular cells Triiodothyronine Thyroxine Calcitonin Parathyroid glands Chief cells Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Thymus Thymosin Pancreas Glucagon (alpha cells) Pancreatic islets Insulin Beta cells Delta cells Adrenal glands Cortex Medulla Corticosteroid hormones Zone glomerulosa Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone Zona fasciculate Glucocorticoids Cortisol (hydrocortisone) Zona reticularis Glucocorticoids Sex hormones Epinephrine Norepinephrin Testes Testosterone Inhibin Spermatozoa Seminiferous tubules Interstitial cells Ovaries Estrogen Progesterone Oocytes Estradiol Embryonic cell mass Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) Placenta Monoclonal antibody Laboratory Exercise 29 Hemoglobin Platelets Thrombocytes Megakaryocytes Granular Agranular leukocytes Innate immunity Adaptive immunity Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes B cells T cells Plasma cells Antibodies Antibody-mediated immunity Cell-mediated immunity Natural killer (NK) cells Monocytes Macrophages Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Laboratory Exercise 30 Antigens Antibodies Agglutinogens Agglutinins Transfusion reaction Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) Erythroblastosis fetalis Polycythemia Anemia Heme group Globin Hemacytometer Laboratory Exercise 31 Mediastinum Pericardium Veins Arteries Parietal pericardium Pericardial cavity Serous fluid Visceral pericardium Epicardium Visceral pericardium Epicardium Myocardium Cardiac muscle Endocardium Apex Base Aorta Pulmonary trunk Left ventricle Interventricular groove Coronary arteries Cardiac veins Auricles Atrioventricular sulcus Coronary sinus Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Pulmonary veins Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary arteries Ligamentum arteriosum Ascending aorta Left coronary artery Anterior interventricular artery Circumflex artery Right coronary artery Posterior interventricular artery Right marginal artery Great cardiac vein Small cardiac vein Right ventricle Left ventricle Interventricular septum Right atrium Interatrial septum Fossa ovalis Foramen ovale Pectinate muscles Right atrioventricular valve Tricuspid valve Chordae tendineae Papillary muscles Trabeculae carneae Pulmonary semilunar valve Bicuspid valve Mitral valve Left atrioventricular valve Aortic semilunar valve Interventricular groove (sulcus) Right atrium Left atrium Auricles Interventricular septum Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary arteries Ascending aorta Aortic arch Superior (anterior) vena cava Inferior (posterior) vena cava Coronary sinus Tricuspid valve Chordae tendineae Papillary muscles Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary semilunar valve Trabeculae carneae Laboratory Exercise 32 Electrochemical impulses Systole Atrial systole Ventricular systole Diastole Sinoatrial node (SA node) Pacemaker Polarized Depolarizes Atrioventricular node (AV node) Bundle branches Purkinje (conduction) fibers Electrocardiograph Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) P wave Atrial depolarization QRS complex Ventricular depolarization T wave Repolarization Atrial repolarization Tachycardia Bradycardia Heart block Complete heart block Q-T interval Laboratory Exercise 33 Pacemaker cells Sinoatrial (SA node Resting heart rate Parasympathetic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Fast sodium channels Slow calcium channels Potassium channels Polarization Sodium-potassium pump Resting membrane potential Plateau Repolarization Pacemaker potential Voltage gated slow calcium channels Ligand gated calcium channels Field effect Vagus nerve Acetylcholine (ACh) Hyperpolarizing Norepinephrine Beta-adrenergic receptors Myogenic conduction Ectopic foci Parasympathomimetic substance Sympathomimetic drug Arrhythmias Q10 Lubb Dupp Heart murmur Laboratory Exercise 34 Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Tunica externa (tunica adventitia) Tunica media Tunica interna (tunica intima) Endothelium Inner elastic membrane Vaso vasorum Aorta Ascending aorta Coronary arteries Aortic arch Brachiocephalic artery (trunk) Right common carotid artery Right subclavian artery Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery Descending aorta Thoracic aorta Abdominal aorta Intercostal arteries Lobar arteries Axillary artery Brachial artery Radial artery Ulnar artery Palmar arch arteries Digital arteries Vertebral arteries Common caroted arteries External carotid artery Internal carotid artery Facial artery Temporal artery Maxillary artery Occipital artery Vertebral arteries Internal carotid arteries Basilar artery Coronary arteries Ascending aorta Thoracic aorta Abdominal aorta Large brachiocephalic artery Vertebral artery Scapular artery Ventral thoracic artery Long thoracic artery Brachial arteries Radial arteries Ulnar arteries Thyrocervical arteries Intercostal arteries Esophageal arteries Laboratory Exercise 35 Abdominal aorta Aortic hiatus Celiac artery Celiac trunk Splenic artery Left gastric artery Common hepatic artery Superior mesenteric artery Intestinal arteries Ileocolic arteries Colic arteries Suprarenal arteries Renal arteries Gonadal arteries Inferior mesenteric artery Common iliac arteries External iliac arteries Internal iliac arteries Femoral artery Deep femoral artery Posterior tibial artery Anterior tibial artery Fibular (peroneal) artery Plantar arteries Dorsal peda artery Digital arteries Plaque Descending aorta Posterior vena cava Celiac trunk (celiac artery) Splenic artery Left gastric artery Hepatic artery Anterior (superior) mesenteric artery Jejunal arteries Ileal arteries Colic arteries Adrenolumbar arteries Renal arteries Genital arteries Internal spermatic arteries Ovarian arteries Posterior (inferior) mesenteric artery External iliac arteries Internal iliac arteries Caudal artery Femoral artery Deep femoral artery Popliteal artery Tibial arteries Laboratory Exercise 36 Palmar arch veins Digital veins Basilica vein Cephalic vein Median cubital vein Radial vein Ulnar vein Brachial veins Basilica vein Axillary vein Cephalic vein Subclavian vein Sbrachiocephalic veins Right atrium Internal jugular vein Brachiocephalic vein Internal jugular vein Subclavian vein External jugular vein Vertebral vein Subclavian veins Brachiocephalic veins Great saphenous vein Femoral vein Deep femoral vein Tibial vein Fibular veins Femoral vein External iliac vein Internal iliac vein Common iliac vein Inferior vena cava Renal veins Suprarenal veins Lumbar veins Right gonadal vein Left gonadal vein Hepatic portal system Hepatic vein Intercostals veins Azygos vein Hemiazygos vein Ulnar vein Radial vein Brachial vein Median cubital vein Cephalic vein Axillary vein Subscapular vein Subclavian vein Brachiocephalic vein External jugular vein Internal jugular vein Transverse jugular vein Costocervical veins Subclavian veins Brachiocephalic veins Internal mammary vein Azygos vein Great saphenous vein Tibial veins Popliteal veins Femoral vein External iliac vein External iliac vein Internal iliac vein Common iliac vein Posterior vena cava Caudal vein Posterior (inferior) vena cava Caudal vein Genital veins Right genital vein Left genital vein Left renal vein Renal veins Iliolumbar veins Adrenolumbar veins Hepatic portal system Posterior mesenteric vein Anterior mesenteric vein Posterior mesenteric vein Gastrosplenic vein Hepatic portal vein Hepatic vein Placenta Umbilical vein Umbilical cord Ductus venosus Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava Right atrium Right ventricle Foramen ovale Pulmonary trunk Ductus arteriosus Aortic arch Systemic arteries Internal iliac arteries Umbilical arteries Placenta Foramen avale Fossa ovalis Laboratory Exercise 37 Heart Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Plasma Interstitial (tissue) fluid Lymph capillaries Chylomicrons Lymph nodes Valves Conducting (elastic) arteries Distributing (muscular) arteries Endothelium Simple squamous epithelium Lymph capillaries Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels Lymph organs Lymphatic (lymphoid) tissue Lymph node Lymph nodules Cortex Medulla Afferent lymphatic vessels Efferent lymphatic vessels Lymphatic vessels Horacic duc Right lymp;hatic duct Cisterna chili Valve Palatine onsils Lingual tonsils Pharyngeal tonsils Lymph nodules Spleen Red pulp White pulp Thymus T cells Lymph nodes Spleen Thymus Laboratory Exercise 38 Sphygmomanometer Brachial artery Korotkoff sounds Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure Flow Pressure/resistance Laboratory Exercise 39 Nose Nasal cartilages External nares Nasal septum Nasal vestibule Mucous membrane Respiratory epithelium Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Goblet cells Nasal turbinates Superior Middle Inferior turbinates Internal (posterior) nares Choanae Pharynx Nasopharynx Auditory tubes Eustachian tubes Oropharynx Uvula Laryngopharlynx Larynx Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Arytenoids cartilages True vocal folds (vocal cords) Vestibular folds False vocal cords Corniculate Cuneiform cartilages Epiglottis Glottis Cough reflex Trachea Tracheal cartilages Carina Posterior tracheal membrane Rimary bronchi Secondary bronchi Bronchial tree Lungs Three lobes Two lobes Superior lobe Middle lobe Inferior lobe Cardiac notch Pleural cavities Mediastinum Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveoli Alveolar sac Type I alveolar cells Type II alveolar cells Alveolar macrophages Emphysema Larynx Trachea Thyroid cartilage Epiglottis Cricoid cartilage Arytenoids cartilages True vocal folds False vocal folds Tracheal cartilages Posterior tracheal membrane Bronchi Laboratory Exercise 40 Pulmonary ventilation Exchange of gases Tidal volume (TV) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) Laboratory Exercise 41 Fitness Laboratory Exercise 42 Alimentary canal Accessory organs Mouth Labial frenulum Gingivae Oral cavity Hard palate Soft palate Uvula Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium Tongue Genioglosss Oropharynx Lingual frenulum Papillae Fungiform Filiform Vallate Taste buds Muscles of mastication Masseter Temporalis muscles Pterygoid muscles Crown Neck Root Enamel Dentin Pulp cavity Root canal Apical foramen Alveolar sockets Incisors Cuspids Canines Premolars Bicuspids Molars Deciduous Teeth Permanent teeth Dental formula Oropharynx Nasopharynx Laryngopharynx Pharyngeal constrictor muscles Bolus Skeletal Smooth muscle Peristalsis Stratified squamous epithelium Adventitia Lumen Esophageal (cardiac) sphincter Heartburn Coelom Visceral peritoneum (serosa) mesentery Parietal peritoneum Mucosa Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae Submucosa Musularis Muscularis externa Serosa Visceral peritoneum Stomach Chime Cardia Cardiac region Fundic region Fundus Body Pyloric region Antrum Pyloric canal Pyloric sphincter Greater curvature Lesser curvature Rugae Esophageal sphincter Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Serosa Gastric its Gastric glands Simple columnar epithelium Surface mucous cells Mucus Proteolytic enzyme pepsin Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae Submucosa Muscularis Inner oblique layer Middle circular layer Outer longitudinal layer Serosa Simle squamous epithelium Small intestine Duodenum Pancreas Gallbladder Bile Pancreatic duct Hepatopancreatic ampulla Jejunum Duodenojejunal flexureileum Ileocecal valve Villi Blood vessels Lacteals Simple columnar epithelium Goblet cells Duodenal (Brunner’s) glands Aggregated lymph nodules Peyer’s patches Simle columnar epithelium Goblet cells Cecum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Hemorrhoidal veins Hemorrhoids Tenia coli Haustra Epiploic appendages Defecation Mass peristalsis Salivary glands Saliva Mucus Salivary amylase Parotid glands Parotid duct Submandibular glands Sublingual glands Vermiform appendix Lesser omentum Greater omentum Liver Right quadrate Left quadrate Caudate lobes Gallbladder Liver lobules Central vein Sinusoids Hepatocytes Kupffer cells Pancreas Tail Body Head Pancreatic duct Left hepatic ducts Right hepatic ducts Common hepatic duct Cystic duct Common bile duct Salivary glands Parotid gland Submandibular gland Sublingual gland Tongue Filiformm papillae Lingual frenulum Diaphragm Greater omentum Liver Gallbladder Stomah Lesser omentum Laboratory Exercise 36 Reagent tests Experimental tests Macromoleculescatabolism Amylases Iodine Positive result Negative result Substrate Product Cellulose Glucose Lipids (triglycerides) Monoglycerides Free fatty acids Acidic pH Litmus cream Amino acids Peptide bonds Polypeptide chains Proteins Laboratory Exercise 44 Filtration Excrted Reabsorbed Secreates Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Retroperitoneal Renal adipose (fat) pads Renal capsule Cortex Medulla Hilum Renal (medullary) pyramids Renal columns Renal papilla Minor calyces Major calyces Renal pelvis Renal sinus Renal artery Segmental arteries Interlobal arteries Arcuate arteries Interlobular arteries Afferent arteriole Glomerulus Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries Interlobular veins Arcuate veins Interlobar veins Renal vein Vasa recta Juxtammedullary nephrons Nephron Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) Proximal convoluted tubule Nephron loop (loop of Henle) Distal convoluted tubule Renal corpuscle Filtrate Collecting duct Cortical nephrons Juxtamedullary nephrons Cortex Glomeruli Collecting ducts Medulla Glomerular capsule Brush border Capsule Hilum Renal artery Renal vein Ureter Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pyramids Papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Renal sinus Ureter Transitional epithelium Urinary bladder Anteperitoneal Trigone Detrusor muscles Lamina propria Urethra External urethral orifice Prostatic urethra Membranous urethra Penile Spongy urethra Laboratory Exercise 45 Urochrome Glycosuria Bilirubinuria Ketonuria Ketosis Hematuria Albuminuria Hemolysis Pyuria Renal calculi Laboratory Exercise 46 Testes Tunica albuginea Scrotal sac (scrotum) Spermatozoa Dartos muscle Seminiferous tubules Interstitial (leydig) cells Testosterone Spermatogonia Primary spermatocytes Secondary spermatocytes Spermatids Spermatozoa Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells Head Midpiece Tail Acrosome Rete testis Epididymis Head Body Tail Ductus deferens Capacitation Spermatic cord Testicular atery Testicular vein Nervescremaster muscle Inguinal canal Ampulla Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct Prostate gland Prostatc urethra Membranous urethra Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands Seminal fluid Semen Penile (spongy) urethra Penis Shaft Glans penis Prepuce Foreskin Circumcision Frenulum Erectile tissue Corpus spongiosum Penile urethra Corpora cavernosa Crus Bulb Root Dorsal arteries Deep arteries Dorsal vein Deep dorsal vein Perineum Anal triangle Urogenital triangle Vasectomy Scrotal sac Testes Tunica vaginalis Epididymis Tunica albuginea Ductus deferens Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Laboratory Exercise 47 Ovary Oocytes Ovulation Uterine (fallopian) tube Stroma Ovarian follicles Primordial follicles Primary follicles Secondary follicles Oocytesprimary oocytes Secondary oocytes Mature ovarian follicles (Graafian follicles) Ovulation Corpus luteum Progresterone Corpus albicans Fimbriae Infundibulum Ampulla Uterus Fundus Body Cervix Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium Uterus Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium Functional layer Spiral arterioles Uterine glands Basal layer Straight arterioles Menstrual cycle Luteinizing hormone (LH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Estrogen Progesterone Menstrual phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase Menstruation Broad ligament Round ligament Ovarian ligament Suspensory ligament Vaginal canal Vaginal orifice Fornix Rugae Perineum Anal triangle Rectal triangle Urogenital triangle Vulva Mons pubis Clitoris Glans clitoris Prepuce Labia minora Urethral orifice Vaginal orifice Hymen Vestibule Greater vestibular glands Bartholin’s glands Labia majora Areola Nipple Body Axillary tail (tail of Spense) Suspensory ligaments Adipose tissue Mammary glands Lobes Lactiferous ducts Lactiferous sinuses (ampullae) Urogenital orifice Symphysis pubis Horned (bipartite) uterus Uterine horns Ovaries Uterine tubes (oviducts) Ostium Oocytes Ovulation Cervix Vaginal canal Urethral opening Vaginal vestibule Urogenital orifice Fertilization Zygote Morula Blastocyst Trophoblast Inner cell mass Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
Related documents