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INSECT FLIGHT Insect Thorax Prothorax Mesothorax Metathorax Pterothorax Insect Thorax scutum scutellum tergum epimeron trochantin episternum sternellum basisternum FLIGHT Standard airfoil Area of relatively low pressure LIFT Area of relatively high pressure FLIGHT Lift Resultant force Drag In flapping flight, need to compromise As you increase angle of attack 1) lift 2) propulsion 3) Lowering of drag generated H.G. Magnus (1802 – 1870) MAGNUS EFFECT translation LIFT circulation + = Lift generated µ rate of rotation of the cylinder Same principle is used in various sports Curve ball Overall flow = circulation Translational flow Circulation around wing At the beginning of flight Establish a counter vortex Some coefficients of lift Bird Re – 7000 2.0 Locust Re – 2000 1.3 Drosophila Re – 200 0.9 Hovering Flight Encarsia formosa Wing – 0.6 mm Mass - .000025 gm Re - 15 Coefficient of lift (predicted) = 0.02 Coefficient of lift (actual) = 5.0 Clap-and Fling Mechanism Hovering flight Flip Mechanism - Dragonfly FLIGHT IN THE PALEOPTERA Wing cycle DIRECT FLIGHT MUSCLES • • DIRECT FLIGHT MUSCLES Contracting muscle DIRECT FLIGHT MUSCLES Contracting muscle DIRECT FLIGHT MUSCLES Internal support in thorax pleural ridge pleural apophysis sternopleural muscle sternal apophysis furca Furca Pleural/sternal apophysis Apodemes Indirect Flight Muscles Longitudinal muscles Dorsoventral muscles longitudinal muscle Meso or Metathorax Indirect Flight Muscles Longitudinal muscles Dorsoventral muscles Indirect Flight Muscles Longitudinal muscles Dorsoventral muscles contract Indirect Flight Muscles Longitudinal muscles contract Dorsoventral muscles Indirect Flight Muscles Indirect Flight - Click Mechanism wing base scutellar lever pleural process Lateral view of a pterothoracic segment in Sarcophaga Indirect Flight - Click Mechanism Indirect Flight - Click Mechanism notum wing second axillary sclerite first axillary sclerite hinge paranotal shelf pleural process pleural apophysis sternopleural muscle Indirect Flight - Click Mechanism Note: Points Y AND Z are hinges X Z Y Indirect Flight - Click Mechanism Step 1: Wing is in stable ‘up’ position Z X X Y Z Y Indirect Flight - Click Mechanism Step 2: Wing moves to an unstable horizontal position X Z Y Indirect Flight - Click Mechanism Step 3: Wing moves to stable ‘down’ position Y X Z Indirect Flight - Click Mechanism What causes the wing to return to ‘up’ position? Joints contain resilin RESILIN Leg joint of a flea Tarsal joint of a housefly RESILIN Resiliency in Resilin Viscid silk - capture threads Collagen – tendons, ligaments, skin Elastin - main elastic protein in vertebrates Resilin – wing hinges of insects Space ball - toy 100 % energy return 50 0
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