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STUDY GUIDE – UNIT 3 – ROCKS and MINERALS MINERALS natural, inorganic, chemical, solid monomineralic, polymineralic color, luster, hardness, streak, cleavage, fracture chemical composition: Si and O common = silicates tetrahedron structure (Si and O) atomic arrangement determines physical char. (hardness, cleavage) SEDIMENTARY ROCKS compacted, cemented, precipitation (evaporites), clastic: particles in range of sizes inorganic, land-derived ex. sandstone, shale, conglomerate non-clastic: coal, fossil limestone, breccia organic, biologic, chemical, precipitation most common on Earth’s surface in a thin layer contain fossils, especially marine life see ESRT for Classification IGNEOUS ROCKS magma (inside), lava (outside) cooling time determines crystal size intrusive/plutonic = cools inside, slowly, large crystals extrusive/volcanic = cools outside, quickly, small or no crystals intrusions, texture (fine or coarse), common minerals= quartz, feldspar, hornblende, biotite, mafic = dark, high density, Fe, Mg ---- felsic = light low density, Al ex. granite, obsidian, basalt, gabbro, rhyolite see ESRT for Classification METAMORPHIC ROCKS recrystallization of other rocks no true melting, forms larger, denser crystals forms inside Earth under heat/pressure foliated (banded) shale = slate, granite = gneiss non-foliated (no banding) limestone = marble, see ESRT for Classification See Rock cycle diagram in ESRT
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