Download bangalore, karnataka.

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA.
ANNEXURE II
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT
FOR DISSERTATION
1. Name Of the candidate AHIR DHRUTIKA BHAGUBHAI.
and Address
32,LILANAGAR SOCIETY,
KABILPORE,
NAVSARI. 396424.
GUJARAT.
2. Name of the Institute
LAXMI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF
PHYSIOTHERAPY, MANGALORE.
3. Course
of
study
Subject
and MASTERS OF PHYSIOTHERAPY (MPT)
2 YEARS DEGREE COURSE
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS AND
SPORTS PHYSIOTHERAPY
4. Date of Admission to 10th JUNE 2009
course
5. Title of the Topic
“ A STUDY TO COMPARE EFFICACY OF
PLYOMETRIC TRAINING AND DYNAMIC
STRETCHING ON VERTICAL JUMP HEIGHT
IN NORMAL HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS.”
6
Brief resume of the intended work:
6.1 Need for the study.
We see a variety of movements and action sequence in sports. Some are simple and involve few
learned skill components, but others are exceedingly complicated.1 Most athletic movement
originates from the hips and legs. This is true for running, throwing, and jumping actions which may
be the final performance objective or a component of a more complex movements. For example,
often the energy of motion for the hips and legs transfer up through the midsection by flexing,
extending, twisting, or bending.1
The term stretch shortening cycle is used in the physiology literature to describe activities such as
running, jumping, or throwing, the term plyometric is used in the rehabilitation and conditioning
literature to describe these activities when they are used in training to capitalize on the stretchshortening cycle for maximizing force production or enhancing performance.2
An example of stretch-shortening drill against resistance of body weight is represented in the
following activity: A patient jumps off a low platform to the floor controlling impact with a loaded
lengthening contraction of the hip and knee extensors and plantar flexors - the stretch phase - and
then without delay jumps back on the platform using a concentric contraction of the same muscle
group.- the shortening phase.3
Plyometric exercise has been described as biphasic, consisting of eccentric and concentric muscle
action phases or triphasic with an additional phase for the transition between the eccentric and
concentric muscle phases.2
Plyometric training is a system of high velocity resistance training characterized by a rapid eccentric
contraction during which the muscle elongates followed by a rapid reversal of movement with a
resisted shortening contraction of the same muscle. The exercises utilize the series-elastic & stretch
reflex properties of the neuromuscular unit. The rapid eccentric loading phase is the stretch cycle &
the concentric phase is the shortening cycle..The period of time between the stretch & shortening
cycle is known as the amortization phase which is kept very brief by a rapid reversal of movements
to capitalize on the increased tension in the muscle.3
Flexibility is the ability to move muscles and joints through their full range of motion. 4It is often
overlooked as a factor in leaping ability of a player, jumping height is based on the elasticity of
muscles & tendons. Without extreme flexibility one can never jump as he can with training.
Flexibility can be attained by proper stretching; it is a technique to elongate the muscle. 5 It is thought
that stretching reduces risk of injury, decrease muscle stiffness, increases range of motion, alleviates
pain, and improves athletic performance.6 Static stretching involves holding a position while dynamic
stretching involves moving parts of your body & gradually increasing reach, speed of movements or
both.5
Dynamic stretching increases neuromuscular efficiency. This means that muscles are stretched
according to their synergistic patterns as well as movements are rehearsed in a more specific patterns
than static stretching. Dynamic stretching actually increases neural drive by increasing core
temperature.6
A safe dynamic stretching program has been developed by Zachazewski 1990.He recommends a
progressive velocity flexibility program (PVFP) preceded by a warm up. Then overtime there is
series of stretching exercises in which the velocity & range of lengthening are combined & controlled
on a progressive basis. The gradual program permits the muscle & musculotendinous junction to
adapt progressively to functional ballistic movements hence reducing the risk of injury.4
Dynamic stretching as well as plyometric training is commonly used to enhance vertical jump. But
very few have talked about their comparative effect on both variables. Also there is less risk of injury
while performing dynamic stretching when compared to plyometric training. So need exists to know
whether both training have similar effect on vertical jump height which will help to implement
dynamic stretching in different sports.
HYPOTHESIS:Null hypothesis (H0):
There will not be significant difference in vertical jump height performance through Plyometric
training & Dynamic stretching.
Alternate hypothesis (H1):
There will be a significant difference in vertical jump height performance through Plyometric
training & Dynamic stretching.
6.2 Review of Literature:
Literatures on plyometric training have mentioned that there are mainly three mechanisms associated
with stretch-shortening cycle they are : stretch reflex activation, muscle potentiation, and storage of
elastic potential energy in series elastic component.2
Authors conducted plyometric training along with a periodized strength training program & showed
improvements in vertical jump performance, acceleration, leg strength, muscle power, increased joint
awareness & overall proprioception. Also the stored elastic energy within the muscle is used to
produce more force than can be provided by concentric action alone.7
They showed in
study of plyometric training for teenage basketball players that the training
improved jumping performance in teenage basketball players.8
The researchers reported that plyometric training enhanced jumping performance & running velocity
in prepubertal boys.9
Authors conducted a study on effects of plyometric training on distance running performance &
found increase in CMJ height after 6 week plyometric training.10
Researcher conducted a study of plyometric training on healthy individuals & showed that training
improves vertical jump height in all four types of standard vertical jumps.11
Authors conducted study on effects of static stretching for 30 seconds & dynamic stretching on leg
extension power & suggested that static stretching for 30 seconds neither improves nor reduces
muscular performance & that dynamic stretching enhances muscular performance.12
The researchers conducted study of static vs. dynamic stretching on vertical jump & standing long
jump & suggested that dynamic stretching resulted in an increase in performance.6
6.3 Aim and objective of the study:

To find the effectiveness of plyometric training in improving vertical jump performance of
healthy individuals.

To find the effectiveness of dynamic stretching in improving vertical jump performance of
healthy individuals.
 To compare the effectiveness of plyometric training and dynamic stretching in improving
vertical jump performance of both the groups.
7
Materials and Methods:
7.1Study design: Experimental study- Pre-post-Intervention design.
7.2Sources of data:
Laxmi memorial college of physiotherapy, Mangalore.
The study will be approved by ethical comitee of LMCP.
Method of collection of data:
sampling technique : Simple random sampling.
Inclusion Criteria:
•
Healthy individuals between the age group of 18-25 ( male ) with weight between 60 – 70
kgs.
•
Subjects who can perform Quick / Squat test & Sit and reach test.
Exclusion Criteria:
•
Individuals with any musculoskeletal, neurological or cardio respiratory impairments.
•
Pathological condition of spine, hip,knee and pelvis.
•
Traumatic condition in past 6 months.
•
Inflammation or pain.
•
Individuals regularly undergoing for any type of strength training.
Materials:
Chalk.
1 meter tape measure.
Technique of application:
Method:
All the subjects will be screened & assessed on day one. The written informed consent will be taken
from the subjects. Exclusion criteria will be looked over. Measurement of vertical jump height will
be done by Sergent Jump Test. All the subjects will be divided into 2 groups, group A and group B
50 subjects in each group.
Group A : The healthy individuals who will be receiving plyometric training.
Group B: The healthy individuals who will be receiving dynamic stretching
Group A : Plyometric training.
Training duration – 4 weeks.
2 sessions each week.
Each session – WARM UP for 11 mins.
static stretching – 5 mins.
jogging – 6 mins.
TRAINING.
Pogo
Squat jump.
Rocket jump.
COOL DOWN.
7-8 mins of jogging.
Group B: Dynamic stretching
Training duration 4 weeks.
2 sessions each week.
Each session -- WARM UP for 11 mins.
Static stretching - 5 mins.
Jogging - 6 mins.
STRETCHING PROCEDURE.
Squat.
Pelvic thrusts.
Calves.
Crucifix on front.
Crucifix on back.
COOL DOWN 7-8 mins jogging.
Outcome measures:
Vertical jump height of healthy individuals.
Statistical Analysis:
Student t test will be used to compare the baseline, and 4th week vertical jump height within
Group A and Group B.

Paired t test will be used to compare the mean difference across the time periods (Baseline,
and 4th week) between Group A and Group B.

P value < 0.05 will be taken up for statistical significance.
7.3 Does the study require any investigations or interventions to be conducted on patients or
other humans or animals? If so please describe briefly.
Yes, Plyometric training and dynamic stretching.
7.4 Has ethical and clearance been obtained from your institution in case
Yes.
8
List of References:
1. James C. Radcliffe, Robert C. Farentinos ; High powered plyometrics ;1999; pg 42.
2. Terese, Gregory, Douglas, Susan ; Plyometric training in the rehabilitation of athlets :
Physiological responses and clinical application; Journal of orthoppaedic and sports physical
therapy; May 2006; Vol 36 No 5; 308-319.
3. Carolyn Kisner, Lynn Allen Colby; Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and techniques; 4th
edition;2002; 126-127.
4. Micheal J.Alter; Sport Stretch; 2nd edition;1998;1-12.
5. Mark Albert; Eccentric muscle training in sports and orthopaedics, Churchill Livingstone;4th
edition; 1996; 45-73.
6. L. Parsons, N. Maxwell, C. Elniff, M.Jacka, and N. Heerschee; Static vs. dynamic stretching
on vertical jump and standing long jump. Department of physical therapy, Wichita
university,Jan 2006; pg 50-51.
7. Michae G. Miller, Jeromy J. Herniman, Mark D. Richard, Christopher C. Cheatham &
Timophy J. Michael;The effect of a 6 week plyometric training program on agility;Journal of
sports science & medicine;2006;5;459-465.
8. Avery D. Faigenbaum, James E. Macfarland, Fred B. Keiper, William Teerslvin, Nicholas A.,
Ratamers, Jiekang, & Jay R. Hoffman; Effects of short term plyometric & resistance training
program on fitness program on fitness perfprmance in boy age 12 to 15 years; Journal of
sports science & medicine;2007; 6:519-525.
9. Holcomb, William R, Lander, Jeffrey E., Rutland, Rodney M., Wilson, G. Dennis; The
effectiveness of a modified plyometric program on power & the vertical jump;Journal of
strength & conditioning research; May 1996; vol 10, Issue 10.
10. Goran Markovic; Does plyometric training improve vertical jump height ? A meta analytical
review; British journal of sports madicine; Feb 2007; 41; 349-355.
11. Yamaguchi, Taichi, Ishii, Kojiro; Effects of static stretching for 30 seconds & dunamic
stretching on leg extension power; Aug 2005; Vol 19 Issue 19.
12. David J. Magee; Orthopedic Physical Assessment; 4th edition;2002; 490.
13. Huiss, Yaen PY; Validity of the modified back saver sit and reach test- a comparison with
other protocols; Medical science sports exercise; Sep 2000;32(9); 1655-1659.
14. G. Baltaci, N Un, V. Tunay, A. Besler, and S. Gerceker; Comparition of three different sit and
reach tests for measurements of hamstring flexibility in female university students; British
journal of sports medicine; Feb 2003;37(1); 59-61.
15. Pedro A. Lopez, Pedro A. Rodriguez, Pilar Sainz Baranda; A comparison of the sit and reach
and the back saver sit and reach test in university students; Journal of sports science and
medicine; March 2009; 8 ; 116-122.
16. Blazevich, Anthony J., Gill, Nicholas, Newton, Robert U; Reliability and validity of two
isometric squat tests; Journal of strength and conditioning research; May 2002; Vol 16
17. Goran Markovic, Drazan Dizdar, Igor Jukic; Reliability and factorial validity oof squat and
countermovement jump tests; The journal of strength and conditioning research; Aug 2004;
Vol 18, Issue 3.
18. Jay R. Hoffman, Nicholas A. Ratamess, Avery D. Faigenbaum, Gerald T. Mangine and Jie
Kang; Effects of maximal squat exercise on vertical jump performance in American college
football players; Feb 2007;6; 149-150.
19. Mitchell L. Cordova, W. Armstrong; Reliability of ground reaction forces during a vertical
jump: implications for functional strength assessment; Journal of athletic training; Dec 1996;
Vol 31 (4); 342-345.
20. Moir, Gavin, Shastri, Purvi, Connaboy, Chris; Intersession reliability of vertical jump height
in women and men; Journal of strength and conditioning research; Nov 2008; Vol 22 ;Issue
6;1779-1784.
21. Sarah L.Smith, Michael J. Hartman, C. Pierce; The relationship between vertical jump power
estimates and weightlifting ability: a field test approach; Aug 2004; Vol 18; Issue 3;534-539.
22. FB Ortega, EG Artero, J R Ruiz, P Bergman, C Ottervaere; Reliability of health related
physical fitness tests in European adolescents.; International journal of obesity; 2008 Vol 32;
549-557.
23. John Shaji, Saluja IshaMaxwell, C. Elniff, M. Jacka, & N. Heerschee; Static vs. dynamic
stretching on vertical jump & standing ; Comparative analysis of plyometric training program
& dynamic stretching on vertical jump and agility in male collegiate basketball players; Al
Ameen J Med Sci 2009. 2(1); 36.
24. Luis F. Aragon-Vargas; Evaluation of four vertical jump tests: Methodology, reliability
validity, & accuracy; Measurement in physical education and exercise science;2000; 4(4);
215-228