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Chapter 2 ppt

...  Use of entity sets vs. relationship sets Possible guideline is to designate a relationship set to describe an action that occurs between entities  Binary versus n-ary relationship sets Although it is possible to replace any nonbinary (n-ary, for n > 2) relationship set by a number of distinct bin ...
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... ent needs, goals, and assumptions. Your design should reflect these rules. Consequently, you first have to learn the individual business rules. Then you have to figure out how those rules affect the database design. In a real-world project, you will need to talk with users and managers to learn the ...
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... The SQL data-definition language (DDL) allows the specification of information about relations, including:  The schema for each relation.  The domain of values associated with each attribute.  Integrity constraints  And as we will see later, also other information such as ...
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... of Export and Import operations. Each DataPump operation uses a master process to manage and control the export or import session. Each master process is identified by a unique job name, and DataPump automatically assigns one by default if one is not specified at execution time. The master process c ...
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Concurrency control

In information technology and computer science, especially in the fields of computer programming, operating systems, multiprocessors, and databases, concurrency control ensures that correct results for concurrent operations are generated, while getting those results as quickly as possible.Computer systems, both software and hardware, consist of modules, or components. Each component is designed to operate correctly, i.e., to obey or to meet certain consistency rules. When components that operate concurrently interact by messaging or by sharing accessed data (in memory or storage), a certain component's consistency may be violated by another component. The general area of concurrency control provides rules, methods, design methodologies, and theories to maintain the consistency of components operating concurrently while interacting, and thus the consistency and correctness of the whole system. Introducing concurrency control into a system means applying operation constraints which typically result in some performance reduction. Operation consistency and correctness should be achieved with as good as possible efficiency, without reducing performance below reasonable levels. Concurrency control can require significant additional complexity and overhead in a concurrent algorithm compared to the simpler sequential algorithm.For example, a failure in concurrency control can result in data corruption from torn read or write operations.
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