Ebola Epidemic: Teacher Pages
... successfully controlling outbreaks. Raising awareness of risk factors for Ebola infection and protective measures that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. 11. Which strain of Ebola is responsible for the current outbreak in West Africa? Zaire Ebolavirus 12. What co ...
... successfully controlling outbreaks. Raising awareness of risk factors for Ebola infection and protective measures that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. 11. Which strain of Ebola is responsible for the current outbreak in West Africa? Zaire Ebolavirus 12. What co ...
Hepatitis B Information
... Is Hepatitis B common? Yes. In the United States, approximately 1.2 million people have chronic Hepatitis B. Unfortunately, many people do not know they are infected. The number of new cases of Hepatitis B has decreased more than 80% over the last 20 years. An estimated 40,000 people now become infe ...
... Is Hepatitis B common? Yes. In the United States, approximately 1.2 million people have chronic Hepatitis B. Unfortunately, many people do not know they are infected. The number of new cases of Hepatitis B has decreased more than 80% over the last 20 years. An estimated 40,000 people now become infe ...
Abnormal odours
... and viscera are approved. Sexual odour in a carcass can have a limited distribution according to the consumers taste. o Extremely strong sexual odour requires condemnation of the carcass. o A carcass which gives off a pronounced odour of medicinal, chemical or other foreign substances shall be con ...
... and viscera are approved. Sexual odour in a carcass can have a limited distribution according to the consumers taste. o Extremely strong sexual odour requires condemnation of the carcass. o A carcass which gives off a pronounced odour of medicinal, chemical or other foreign substances shall be con ...
Pertussis, more commonly known as whooping cough, is
... Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, ...
... Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, ...
INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS (aka MONO)
... yellow. While the virus may cause minor liver abnormalities, these probably won’t require special treatment and liver function should return to normal as you recover. People with Mono hepatitis do tend to be sicker, especially if they experience vomiting and dehydration. Rupture of the Spleen Ruptur ...
... yellow. While the virus may cause minor liver abnormalities, these probably won’t require special treatment and liver function should return to normal as you recover. People with Mono hepatitis do tend to be sicker, especially if they experience vomiting and dehydration. Rupture of the Spleen Ruptur ...
Bloodborne Pathogens - John A. Logan College
... in dental practice by blood or saliva through direct contact, droplets, or aerosols. Although not documented, indirect contact transmission of infection by contaminated instruments is possible. Patients and dental health care workers (DHWs) have the potential of transmitting the infections to each o ...
... in dental practice by blood or saliva through direct contact, droplets, or aerosols. Although not documented, indirect contact transmission of infection by contaminated instruments is possible. Patients and dental health care workers (DHWs) have the potential of transmitting the infections to each o ...
Objectives of hepatitis C surveillance
... Hepatitis B Vaccine vaccinate all children 0-18 years of age infant schedule: birth dose preferred (0, 1-2, 6), (0, 1-4, 6-18) – Schedule if using monovalent vaccine followed by Comvax ®: (0, 2, 4, 12) children/teens: (0, 1, 6), ( 0, 1-2, 4) (0, 1, 6-12) or (0, 12, 24) month schedule. There is ...
... Hepatitis B Vaccine vaccinate all children 0-18 years of age infant schedule: birth dose preferred (0, 1-2, 6), (0, 1-4, 6-18) – Schedule if using monovalent vaccine followed by Comvax ®: (0, 2, 4, 12) children/teens: (0, 1, 6), ( 0, 1-2, 4) (0, 1, 6-12) or (0, 12, 24) month schedule. There is ...
Infection, reinfection, and vaccination under suboptimal
... Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK ...
... Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK ...
Influenza and Community-acquired Pneumonia Interactions: The
... is assumed that bacteria that colonize the nasopharynx frequently enter the lungs, the host immune response is usually sufficient to prevent infection. The introduction of influenza primes the lungs for bacterial colonization and adversely affects the host response, leading to secondary pneumonia (4 ...
... is assumed that bacteria that colonize the nasopharynx frequently enter the lungs, the host immune response is usually sufficient to prevent infection. The introduction of influenza primes the lungs for bacterial colonization and adversely affects the host response, leading to secondary pneumonia (4 ...
Estimators of annual probability of infection for quantitative microbial
... | dose-response, estimator, infection risk, probabilistic model, stochastic, uncertainty ...
... | dose-response, estimator, infection risk, probabilistic model, stochastic, uncertainty ...
Interleukin-18 improves the early defence system against influenza
... Importantly, IL-18 elicits antiviral activity in the acute phase of infection. In the case of vaccinia virus infection, IL-18 is involved in various host defence mechanisms, including NK cells and CTLs (Tanaka-Kataoka et al., 1999). In fact, virus-induced IL-18 and IFN-c enhance Fas ligand expressio ...
... Importantly, IL-18 elicits antiviral activity in the acute phase of infection. In the case of vaccinia virus infection, IL-18 is involved in various host defence mechanisms, including NK cells and CTLs (Tanaka-Kataoka et al., 1999). In fact, virus-induced IL-18 and IFN-c enhance Fas ligand expressio ...
Aspects of pneumococcal infection including bacterial virulence
... serotype 19. The proportion of subjects resistant to colonisation with any one serotype increases with age because of previous colonisation episodes (Dowling et al., 1971). The spread of pneumococci is proportional to the frequency and intimacy of contact between people and transmission often occurs ...
... serotype 19. The proportion of subjects resistant to colonisation with any one serotype increases with age because of previous colonisation episodes (Dowling et al., 1971). The spread of pneumococci is proportional to the frequency and intimacy of contact between people and transmission often occurs ...
IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME)
... the USA have a low carrier rate (0.5–2%), but it rises to 10–20% in parts of Africa, the Middle and the Far East. Vertical transmission from mother to child in utero, during parturition or soon after birth, is the usual means of transmission worldwide. This is related to the HBV replicative state of ...
... the USA have a low carrier rate (0.5–2%), but it rises to 10–20% in parts of Africa, the Middle and the Far East. Vertical transmission from mother to child in utero, during parturition or soon after birth, is the usual means of transmission worldwide. This is related to the HBV replicative state of ...
Aspects of pneumococcal infection including bacterial virulence
... serotype 19. The proportion of subjects resistant to colonisation with any one serotype increases with age because of previous colonisation episodes (Dowling et al., 1971). The spread of pneumococci is proportional to the frequency and intimacy of contact between people and transmission often occurs ...
... serotype 19. The proportion of subjects resistant to colonisation with any one serotype increases with age because of previous colonisation episodes (Dowling et al., 1971). The spread of pneumococci is proportional to the frequency and intimacy of contact between people and transmission often occurs ...
Malaria endemicity and co-infection with tissue-dwelling parasites in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review
... burden of malaria infections is felt by communities living in poor regions of developing countries [37–39]. In these areas, high prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthic infections have also been documented [40]. This results in co-infections, multi-parasitism or polyparasitism [41]. In the past th ...
... burden of malaria infections is felt by communities living in poor regions of developing countries [37–39]. In these areas, high prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthic infections have also been documented [40]. This results in co-infections, multi-parasitism or polyparasitism [41]. In the past th ...
Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Escherichia coli Meat and Humans, the Netherlands
... genes in humans in the Netherlands. The high prevalence of ESBL genes in chicken meat is consistent with findings of other investigators. Doi et al. reported that 67% of retail meat samples in Seville, Spain, contained ESBL or ESBL-like resistance genes (12). A survey of imported raw chicken in the ...
... genes in humans in the Netherlands. The high prevalence of ESBL genes in chicken meat is consistent with findings of other investigators. Doi et al. reported that 67% of retail meat samples in Seville, Spain, contained ESBL or ESBL-like resistance genes (12). A survey of imported raw chicken in the ...
Joint effects of habitat, zooplankton, host stage structure and
... amphibian species, including focal hosts, can have both singleseason and multi-season larvae. Delayed metamorphosis requires a permanent water body; pond drying will catalyse larvae to metamorphose. Thus, ephemeral ponds (i.e. those that completely dry up each year) have only single-season larvae wh ...
... amphibian species, including focal hosts, can have both singleseason and multi-season larvae. Delayed metamorphosis requires a permanent water body; pond drying will catalyse larvae to metamorphose. Thus, ephemeral ponds (i.e. those that completely dry up each year) have only single-season larvae wh ...
Conjunctivitis - St Wulfstan Surgery
... Infective conjunctivitis is very common and is responsible for 35% of all eye-related problems recorded in GP surgeries. There are 13-14 cases for every 1,000 people every year. Infective conjunctivitis is most common in children and the elderly. This may be because children come into contact with m ...
... Infective conjunctivitis is very common and is responsible for 35% of all eye-related problems recorded in GP surgeries. There are 13-14 cases for every 1,000 people every year. Infective conjunctivitis is most common in children and the elderly. This may be because children come into contact with m ...
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS Severe Invasive Group A
... tion of the streptococcal TSS.5 Therefore, our understanding of the epidemiology of severe invasive GABHS infections is limited and comes primarily from active surveillance in several geographic areas and extrapolation from several isolated outbreaks. Published incidence rates of severe invasive GAB ...
... tion of the streptococcal TSS.5 Therefore, our understanding of the epidemiology of severe invasive GABHS infections is limited and comes primarily from active surveillance in several geographic areas and extrapolation from several isolated outbreaks. Published incidence rates of severe invasive GAB ...
PATHOGENICITY OF CZECH ISOLATES OF INFECTIOUS BURSAL
... isolates, to detect possible circulation of variant strains in the local poultry population, and to assess their pathogenicity, immunosuppressive activity, and haematopoietic effects. Infections of susceptible chickens with the isolates A, B, or D induced clinical signs and lesions typical of IBD ma ...
... isolates, to detect possible circulation of variant strains in the local poultry population, and to assess their pathogenicity, immunosuppressive activity, and haematopoietic effects. Infections of susceptible chickens with the isolates A, B, or D induced clinical signs and lesions typical of IBD ma ...
Trichinosis
Trichinosis, trichinellosis or trichiniasis is a parasitic disease caused by roundworms of the genus Trichinella. Several subspecies cause human disease, but T. spiralis is the most known. Infection may occur without symptoms, while intestinal invasion can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain or vomiting. Larval migration into muscle tissue (one week after being infected) can cause edema of the face or around the eyes, conjunctivitis, fever, muscle pains, splinter hemorrhages, rashes, and peripheral eosinophilia. Life-threatening cases can result in myocarditis, central nervous system involvement, and pneumonitis. Larval encystment in the muscles causes pain and weakness, followed by slow progression of symptoms.Trichinosis is mainly caused by eating undercooked meat containing encysted larval Trichinella. In the stomach the larvae are exposed to stomach acid and pepsin which releases them from their cysts. They then start invading wall of the small intestine, where they develop into adult worms. Females are 2.2 mm in length; males 1.2 mm. The life span in the small intestine is about four weeks. After 1 week, the females release more larvae that migrate to voluntarily controlled muscles where they encyst. Diagnosis is usually made based on symptoms, and is confirmed by serology or by finding encysted or non-encysted larvae in biopsy or autopsy samples.The best way to prevent trichinellosis is to cook meat to safe temperatures. Using food thermometers can make sure the temperature inside the meat is high enough to kill the parasites. The meat should not be tasted until it is completely cooked. Once infection has been verified treatment with antiparasitic drugs such as albendazole or mebendazole should be started at once. A fast response may help kill adult worms and thereby stop further release of larvae. Once the larvae have established in muscle cells, usually by 3 to 4 weeks after infection, treatment may not completely get rid of the infection or symptoms. Both drugs are considered safe but have been associated with side effects such as bone marrow suppression. Patients on longer courses should be monitored though regular blood counts to detect adverse effects quickly and then discontinue treatment. Both medicines should be treated with caution during pregnancy or children under the age of 2 years, but the WHO weighs the benefits of treatment higher than the risks. In addition to antiparasitic medication, treatment with steroids is sometimes required in severe cases.Trichinosis can be acquired by eating both domestic and wild animals, but is not soil-transmitted.