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Professor Emeritus, University of Canterbury Yevgeny Lifshitz
Professor Emeritus, University of Canterbury Yevgeny Lifshitz

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... Heat is convected by rising elements which are hotter than their surroundings and falling elements which are cooler. Suppose the element differs by T from its surroundings, because an element is always in pressure balance with its surroundings, it has energy content per kg which differs from surrou ...
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... Defining b ≡ 4.04 (T /1 K) e−158,000 K/T , we have the quadratic equation y 2 +by −b = 0, where y is the ionization fraction NII /Nt . When b  1, the quadratic term becomes negligible (remember, y must be between 0 and 1, so y 2 is also between 0 and 1), and the equation reduces to by − b ≈ 0, whic ...
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... infrared observations of the planet, we can separate the signature of the ETC from natural variations (due to geography) on the rotating planet’s surface. Unlike natural planetary heat sources (like volcanoes) and absorbers (like clouds), a civilization’s thermal footprint is likely to have a temper ...
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... while a positive value denotes a thermal runaway. As demonstrated above, if the gas conditions are degenerate, δ = 0, and again we have a runaway. However, suppose we are dealing with an ideal gas (which is the relevant condition, since the gas in the shell is outside the core). For core burning st ...
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Drake equation

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