T cell activation
... IL-4 is produced by activated basophils, mast cells and TH2 cells TH1 cytokines (mainly IFNg) inhibit the development of TH2 and stimulate the development of TH1 (IL-2 stimulates also TH2) Cytokines produced by TH2 (IL-4, IL-10) inhibit the development of TH1 and stimulate the development of T ...
... IL-4 is produced by activated basophils, mast cells and TH2 cells TH1 cytokines (mainly IFNg) inhibit the development of TH2 and stimulate the development of TH1 (IL-2 stimulates also TH2) Cytokines produced by TH2 (IL-4, IL-10) inhibit the development of TH1 and stimulate the development of T ...
ReadingGuideAdaptiveImmune(CH15) 7e
... This is a reading guide summarizing the events that occur to activate both B cells and T cells and generate an immune response. Let’s get started! When talking about the immune system it is important to identify the key players in the process. First there are the specialized immune cells known as th ...
... This is a reading guide summarizing the events that occur to activate both B cells and T cells and generate an immune response. Let’s get started! When talking about the immune system it is important to identify the key players in the process. First there are the specialized immune cells known as th ...
GRANULOMATOUS DISEASES
... Granulomatous inflammation is a distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation characterized by aggregates of activated macrophages that assume an Epithelioid appearance. Granulomas are encountered in certain specific pathologic states; consequently, recognition of the granulomatous pattern is importan ...
... Granulomatous inflammation is a distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation characterized by aggregates of activated macrophages that assume an Epithelioid appearance. Granulomas are encountered in certain specific pathologic states; consequently, recognition of the granulomatous pattern is importan ...
Lesson 1 - The Immune System
... How does the body build immunity? • Once a body has found a pathogen, the body produces memory cells. • Memory cells are T cells and B cells that remember specific pathogens. • A vaccination is a substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens that is introduced into the body to produce immunit ...
... How does the body build immunity? • Once a body has found a pathogen, the body produces memory cells. • Memory cells are T cells and B cells that remember specific pathogens. • A vaccination is a substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens that is introduced into the body to produce immunit ...
Teacher`s guide
... years. The main alteration caused by this disease is the uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells and the great risk of metastasis (propagation of cancer cells to different parts of the body). Nowadays the topic is well known, but a definitive cure to treat this pathology hasn’t been found. The im ...
... years. The main alteration caused by this disease is the uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells and the great risk of metastasis (propagation of cancer cells to different parts of the body). Nowadays the topic is well known, but a definitive cure to treat this pathology hasn’t been found. The im ...
The immune system defends the body.
... enzymes, and stomach acids. Saliva in your mouth helps kill bacteria. Mucus protects the digestive organs by coating them. Pathogens can also be destroyed by enzymes produced in the liver and pancreas or by the acids in the stomach. Digestive System Defenses ...
... enzymes, and stomach acids. Saliva in your mouth helps kill bacteria. Mucus protects the digestive organs by coating them. Pathogens can also be destroyed by enzymes produced in the liver and pancreas or by the acids in the stomach. Digestive System Defenses ...
SHORT TALKS
... (comprising lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O-polysaccharide chain), which are important mediators of bacterial virulence and can elicit strong immune responses. Other Gram-negative bacteria are nonencapsulated and/or do not present O-antigen-containing lipopolysaccharides. This is the case ...
... (comprising lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O-polysaccharide chain), which are important mediators of bacterial virulence and can elicit strong immune responses. Other Gram-negative bacteria are nonencapsulated and/or do not present O-antigen-containing lipopolysaccharides. This is the case ...
Lecture 11: Mucosal Immunity
... macrophages and epithelial cells; trigger TLR5(flagellin) at BL membrane and trigger NFkB inflammatory pathways Invade by direct adherence of fimbriae to luminal epithelial ...
... macrophages and epithelial cells; trigger TLR5(flagellin) at BL membrane and trigger NFkB inflammatory pathways Invade by direct adherence of fimbriae to luminal epithelial ...
Slide Presentation (Powerpoint)
... Neutralizing antibody responses to HIV are difficult to generate because: Gp120 is presented as a trimer which protects some of the potential antibody binding sites. Gp120 is highly glycosylated, meaning it has sugar molecules over much of its surface. Because many human proteins are glycosylated, ...
... Neutralizing antibody responses to HIV are difficult to generate because: Gp120 is presented as a trimer which protects some of the potential antibody binding sites. Gp120 is highly glycosylated, meaning it has sugar molecules over much of its surface. Because many human proteins are glycosylated, ...
Basic Immunology - Pipestone Veterinary Services
... Clostridia enterotoxemia (overeating) problem. Often we will receive some protection but not as much protection as a lamb that is vaccinated when it is over four weeks of age. Therefore, if the initial Clostridia Type C & D vaccination is given to lambs under four weeks of age, two boosters of the v ...
... Clostridia enterotoxemia (overeating) problem. Often we will receive some protection but not as much protection as a lamb that is vaccinated when it is over four weeks of age. Therefore, if the initial Clostridia Type C & D vaccination is given to lambs under four weeks of age, two boosters of the v ...
Ch 1 section headings and legends
... attachment and thus prevent toxin action or viral infection. This is known as neutralization. ...
... attachment and thus prevent toxin action or viral infection. This is known as neutralization. ...
Lecture Notes
... WBCs have a nucleus and are larger than RBCs. Most of them are produced in the bone marrow. They have a lifespan of 12 hours to several years. 1. Function WBCs are involved in fighting infections. This is done by phagocytosis or by producing antibodies and other molecules. WBCs also remove toxins, ...
... WBCs have a nucleus and are larger than RBCs. Most of them are produced in the bone marrow. They have a lifespan of 12 hours to several years. 1. Function WBCs are involved in fighting infections. This is done by phagocytosis or by producing antibodies and other molecules. WBCs also remove toxins, ...
Use of magnetic beads for isolation of antigen
... splenocytes fused with myeloma cells have been used. These antibodies are now being used for therapy (1-4) but for many reasons, human or humanised monoclonals are more effective in activating human effector functions, to eliminate antigens and also avoid reactions against murine antibodies. ...
... splenocytes fused with myeloma cells have been used. These antibodies are now being used for therapy (1-4) but for many reasons, human or humanised monoclonals are more effective in activating human effector functions, to eliminate antigens and also avoid reactions against murine antibodies. ...
DEFINITIONS - Microbiology Book
... Antigenic Determinants Recognized by T cells • Composition – Proteins (some lipids) – Sequence determinants • Processed • MHC presentation (lipid presentation by MHC-like CD1) ...
... Antigenic Determinants Recognized by T cells • Composition – Proteins (some lipids) – Sequence determinants • Processed • MHC presentation (lipid presentation by MHC-like CD1) ...
11.1 Antibody production and vaccination
... membranes on the surface of their cells • Some of these substances have a role in cell-cell recognition, the recognition of self vs. non-self • Each body cell has same genetic information and a common set of plasma membrane proteins • Some white blood cells (leukocytes) are capable of recognizing th ...
... membranes on the surface of their cells • Some of these substances have a role in cell-cell recognition, the recognition of self vs. non-self • Each body cell has same genetic information and a common set of plasma membrane proteins • Some white blood cells (leukocytes) are capable of recognizing th ...
Diseases of the Immune System
... • The median survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype ...
... • The median survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype ...
Immunology Basics Biology Lecture PowerPoint
... ________ mature in bone marrow, then concentrate in lymph nodes & spleen. ...
... ________ mature in bone marrow, then concentrate in lymph nodes & spleen. ...
APUnit9sheet2017
... 3 – Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life 4 – Biologic systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties Chapter 43 – Immune System 1. Compare and contrast specific (innate) and nonspecific (acquired) defense mechani ...
... 3 – Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life 4 – Biologic systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties Chapter 43 – Immune System 1. Compare and contrast specific (innate) and nonspecific (acquired) defense mechani ...
Adaptive Immune Responses in Cattle Mini
... neonatal calves with a bovine serum-based colostrum replacement (CR) product followed by a bovine serumbased colostrum supplement (CS) product (Poulsen et al. 2010). Calves that have not received enough colostrum or are sick can be passively immunized by administering specific antisera or antitoxins ...
... neonatal calves with a bovine serum-based colostrum replacement (CR) product followed by a bovine serumbased colostrum supplement (CS) product (Poulsen et al. 2010). Calves that have not received enough colostrum or are sick can be passively immunized by administering specific antisera or antitoxins ...
Section 18 Immunity in the Fetus and Newborn
... • The precise schedule will depend on the vaccine used and the species to be vaccinated. ...
... • The precise schedule will depend on the vaccine used and the species to be vaccinated. ...
Adaptive Immunity
... • Stimulate stronger immune response than normal antigens by “tricking” T cells into activation although they have not been triggered by a specific antigen • Stimulate T cells to proliferate nonspecifically • Contribute to microbial pathogenicity • stimulate release of massive quantities of cytokine ...
... • Stimulate stronger immune response than normal antigens by “tricking” T cells into activation although they have not been triggered by a specific antigen • Stimulate T cells to proliferate nonspecifically • Contribute to microbial pathogenicity • stimulate release of massive quantities of cytokine ...
Chapter 21 The Lymphatic System
... • Heparin prevents clotting at site of injury – pathogens are in a fluid pocket surrounded by clot ...
... • Heparin prevents clotting at site of injury – pathogens are in a fluid pocket surrounded by clot ...
ACQUIRED (SPECIFIC) IMMUNITY
... When an individual exposed to non-self substance either by injection or infection, a complex series of events are created: a. An antigen-presenting cell (usually a macrophage) processes the antigen and presents it to the lymphoid cells of the immune system. (1) For a successful immune response to oc ...
... When an individual exposed to non-self substance either by injection or infection, a complex series of events are created: a. An antigen-presenting cell (usually a macrophage) processes the antigen and presents it to the lymphoid cells of the immune system. (1) For a successful immune response to oc ...
Transplantation - immunology.unideb.hu
... • A, B, 0 ANTIGENS are expressed by endothelial cells of blood vessels (solid vascularized organs) • ANTIBODIES to blood group antigens bind to blood vessels, activate complement – Type II hypersensitivity – Hyperacute rejection – cannot be reversed, should be avoided ...
... • A, B, 0 ANTIGENS are expressed by endothelial cells of blood vessels (solid vascularized organs) • ANTIBODIES to blood group antigens bind to blood vessels, activate complement – Type II hypersensitivity – Hyperacute rejection – cannot be reversed, should be avoided ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.