The Immune System
... • Cytotoxic T cells fight foreign invaders by killing the target cell (the cell that bears the same antigen that stimulated activation or proliferation of their progenitor cells) without damaging the cytotoxic T cell itself. • When cytotoxic T cells encounter a cell displaying a microbial antigen, t ...
... • Cytotoxic T cells fight foreign invaders by killing the target cell (the cell that bears the same antigen that stimulated activation or proliferation of their progenitor cells) without damaging the cytotoxic T cell itself. • When cytotoxic T cells encounter a cell displaying a microbial antigen, t ...
TIGIT-positive circulating follicular helper T cells
... in alloimmunization in the context of SCD.20 In alloimmunized patients, TIGIT+ cTFH cells offered more potent help to B cells than in non-alloimmunized patients: IL-21 and CD40L expression was higher in alloimmunized patients than in non-alloimmunized patients.20 This could be explained either by fa ...
... in alloimmunization in the context of SCD.20 In alloimmunized patients, TIGIT+ cTFH cells offered more potent help to B cells than in non-alloimmunized patients: IL-21 and CD40L expression was higher in alloimmunized patients than in non-alloimmunized patients.20 This could be explained either by fa ...
blood grouping
... Presence or absence of these antigens may help to determine identity or exclude paternity Clinical importance of blood group systems: Derives from the development of antibodies against these antigens a. Autoantibodies (against self antigens) b. Alloantibodies (against foreign antigens) These antibod ...
... Presence or absence of these antigens may help to determine identity or exclude paternity Clinical importance of blood group systems: Derives from the development of antibodies against these antigens a. Autoantibodies (against self antigens) b. Alloantibodies (against foreign antigens) These antibod ...
VAN 504 Lecture 06
... In clinical practice the retina is routinely viewed through the pupil with an ophthalmoscope; the portion of the retina that can be viewed in this manner is called the fundus. The retina has many layers. One of these is the photoreceptor layer, in which are found the specialized neural receptor cell ...
... In clinical practice the retina is routinely viewed through the pupil with an ophthalmoscope; the portion of the retina that can be viewed in this manner is called the fundus. The retina has many layers. One of these is the photoreceptor layer, in which are found the specialized neural receptor cell ...
Chapter 16 Supplement
... The primary function of NK and K cells is to kill foreign cells, virus-infected cells, and tumor cells. ...
... The primary function of NK and K cells is to kill foreign cells, virus-infected cells, and tumor cells. ...
Ch 1 section headings and legends
... macrophages. Local inflammation recruits blood monocytes into tissues. In response to infectious agents these can become highly secretory cells that produce many innate effectors such as complement components. Activated macrophages. Innate and adaptive responses can help turn macrophages into potent ...
... macrophages. Local inflammation recruits blood monocytes into tissues. In response to infectious agents these can become highly secretory cells that produce many innate effectors such as complement components. Activated macrophages. Innate and adaptive responses can help turn macrophages into potent ...
human immune system can respond naturally to fight cancer
... may finally have an end in sight. According to Dr Xuemei Zhong’s ongoing research, our best hope for containing and clearing cancer lies in our first line of defence – our commander and army of foot soldiers, and our body’s very own doctor – the human immune system. Dr Zhong and her team at Boston U ...
... may finally have an end in sight. According to Dr Xuemei Zhong’s ongoing research, our best hope for containing and clearing cancer lies in our first line of defence – our commander and army of foot soldiers, and our body’s very own doctor – the human immune system. Dr Zhong and her team at Boston U ...
IMMUNITY TO BACTERIAL INFECTIONS Bacterial
... Bacterial Diseases • Many Infectious agents and many diseases • Bacteria can Infect any part of the body • Cause disease due to – Growth of the microbe in a tissue – Produce Bacterial factors that are harmful to host – Elicite an inflammatory response that causes damage • but also leads to aquired i ...
... Bacterial Diseases • Many Infectious agents and many diseases • Bacteria can Infect any part of the body • Cause disease due to – Growth of the microbe in a tissue – Produce Bacterial factors that are harmful to host – Elicite an inflammatory response that causes damage • but also leads to aquired i ...
Hypersensitivity Disorders
... Innate Immunity and Mast Cells • Mast cells can be activated without involving IgE • Anaphylatoxins (C3a, C4a, C5a) generated by complement activation can trigger mediator release • Mast cells have receptors that recognize bacterial and viral products and thus can be directly activated by foreign p ...
... Innate Immunity and Mast Cells • Mast cells can be activated without involving IgE • Anaphylatoxins (C3a, C4a, C5a) generated by complement activation can trigger mediator release • Mast cells have receptors that recognize bacterial and viral products and thus can be directly activated by foreign p ...
Lecture Note VII
... Platelets or thrombocytes are only about 20% of the diameter of red blood cells and are the most numerous cell of the blood. Their diameter is about 2-3 µm; hence they are much smaller than erythrocytes. Their density in the blood is 200000-300000 /mm3 and a normal platelet count in a healthy indivi ...
... Platelets or thrombocytes are only about 20% of the diameter of red blood cells and are the most numerous cell of the blood. Their diameter is about 2-3 µm; hence they are much smaller than erythrocytes. Their density in the blood is 200000-300000 /mm3 and a normal platelet count in a healthy indivi ...
CELLS AND TISSUES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
... cells are "helper" T cells because they secrete soluble molecules (cytokines) that help B cells to produce antibodies (the origin of the name "helper" cells) and also help macrophages to destroy phagocytosed microbes. The central role of CD4+ helper cells in immunity is highlighted by the severe com ...
... cells are "helper" T cells because they secrete soluble molecules (cytokines) that help B cells to produce antibodies (the origin of the name "helper" cells) and also help macrophages to destroy phagocytosed microbes. The central role of CD4+ helper cells in immunity is highlighted by the severe com ...
Summary - VU Research Portal
... Part 1 Immunotherapeutic approaches for head and neck cancer patients The research described in Chapter 2, is the charting of T cells in the peripheral blood of head and neck cancer patients and comparing that to that healthy donors. Head and neck cancer arises from the oral cavity, larynx or pharyn ...
... Part 1 Immunotherapeutic approaches for head and neck cancer patients The research described in Chapter 2, is the charting of T cells in the peripheral blood of head and neck cancer patients and comparing that to that healthy donors. Head and neck cancer arises from the oral cavity, larynx or pharyn ...
Understanding the Immune System
... There are several known reservoirs, including immune cells in the gut, lymphoid tissue, blood, the brain, the genital tract, and bone marrow. It is unclear when reservoirs are established, but recent research suggests that it could be as early as 24 hours after initial infection. Other problems may ...
... There are several known reservoirs, including immune cells in the gut, lymphoid tissue, blood, the brain, the genital tract, and bone marrow. It is unclear when reservoirs are established, but recent research suggests that it could be as early as 24 hours after initial infection. Other problems may ...
Immunogens and Antigens
... T cells must have antigen presented to them! • T cell antigens require presentation by the Major Histocompatibility molecules present on antigen presenting cells. • Antigens are limited to small peptides. • In Humans, MHC is called HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens). ...
... T cells must have antigen presented to them! • T cell antigens require presentation by the Major Histocompatibility molecules present on antigen presenting cells. • Antigens are limited to small peptides. • In Humans, MHC is called HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens). ...
The Immune System LESSON 2 A. 1.
... system and the circulatory system work together to increase the body’s temperature to fight pathogens more effectively. ...
... system and the circulatory system work together to increase the body’s temperature to fight pathogens more effectively. ...
Host Defense Mechanisms – Adaptive or Acquired Immunity
... The primary cells involved in adaptive immunity are agranular leukocytes (white blood cells) called lymphocytes. These arise from haematopoietic stem cells found in the red bone marrow (bone marrow stem cells). All lymphocytes can be formed from the same multipotent stem cells, but not all lymphocyt ...
... The primary cells involved in adaptive immunity are agranular leukocytes (white blood cells) called lymphocytes. These arise from haematopoietic stem cells found in the red bone marrow (bone marrow stem cells). All lymphocytes can be formed from the same multipotent stem cells, but not all lymphocyt ...
Mammalian and Drosophila Blood: Minireview JAK of All Trades?
... first line of defense to protect the organism from infection by foreign pathogens (bacteria, viruses, or parasites). Host recognition is directed against non-self determinants that are invariant among various microorganisms (Medzhitov and Janeway, 1997). This phylogenetically ancient defense mechani ...
... first line of defense to protect the organism from infection by foreign pathogens (bacteria, viruses, or parasites). Host recognition is directed against non-self determinants that are invariant among various microorganisms (Medzhitov and Janeway, 1997). This phylogenetically ancient defense mechani ...
Lymphocytes
... 2. forms through gene rearrangement. 3. varies in binding specificity from one T cell to another. But it: 4. is always bound to the cell membrane. 5. binds only to antigens which has been digested into small peptides and are held on the surface of other cells by a "major histocompatibility (MHC) pro ...
... 2. forms through gene rearrangement. 3. varies in binding specificity from one T cell to another. But it: 4. is always bound to the cell membrane. 5. binds only to antigens which has been digested into small peptides and are held on the surface of other cells by a "major histocompatibility (MHC) pro ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.