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Polyhedra and Geodesic Structures
Polyhedra and Geodesic Structures

... for human error – and hence this is an “expensive” operation. Drawing an initial line for a construction, however, introduces practically no error – unless your “straightedge” is crooked! Of course, one is free to modify the point system as one sees fit. One might, for example, in order to encourage ...
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... In the first example θ, read “theta”, is the name of the angle between the two rays. In the second example α, read “alpha”, is the name of the angle between its two rays. The point where the two rays start is called the vertex. In trigonometry we will further define angles such that they can have po ...
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... vertices are joined by an edge if the corresponding pants share a boundary. (This trivalent graph may have multiple edges or loops.) We call this graph the topological type of the pants decomposition. We say that two pants decompositions are topologically equivalent if their topological types are is ...
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... Remark 7. Notice that Definition 6 is too strict for our aim. For example, in the case of a crease pattern with only two vertices, it is enough to require that at least one of the two conditions of Definition 6 holds in order to ensure that local flat-folding maps which agree can be glued together t ...
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... convex hulls. The latter was also shown in [1] for disjoint convex shapes and arbitrary convex distances. Using a divide and conquer algorithm for computing envelopes in three dimensions, [4] concluded that the cluster Voronoi diagram can be constructed in O(n2 α(n)) time. In [1] the problem for dis ...
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... Every polyhedron, regular and non-regular, convex and concave, has a dihedral angle at every edge. A dihedral angle (also called the face angle) is the internal angle at which two adjacent faces meet. An angle of zero degrees means the face normal vectors are anti-parallel and the faces overlap each ...
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... Every polyhedron, regular and non-regular, convex and concave, has a dihedral angle at every edge. A dihedral angle (also called the face angle) is the internal angle at which two adjacent faces meet. An angle of zero degrees means the face normal vectors are anti-parallel and the faces overlap each ...
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Signed graph

In the area of graph theory in mathematics, a signed graph is a graph in which each edge has a positive or negative sign.Formally, a signed graph Σ is a pair (G, σ) that consists of a graph G = (V, E) and a sign mapping or signature σ from E to the sign group {+,−}. The graph may have loops and multiple edges as well as half-edges (with only one endpoint) and loose edges (with no endpoints). Half and loose edges do not receive signs. (In the terminology of the article on graphs, it is a multigraph, but we say graph because in signed graph theory it is usually unnatural to restrict to simple graphs.)The sign of a circle (this is the edge set of a simple cycle) is defined to be the product of the signs of its edges; in other words, a circle is positive if it contains an even number of negative edges and negative if it contains an odd number of negative edges. The fundamental fact about a signed graph is the set of positive circles, denoted by B(Σ). A signed graph, or a subgraph or edge set, is called balanced if every circle in it is positive (and it contains no half-edges). Two fundamental questions about a signed graph are: Is it balanced? What is the largest size of a balanced edge set in it? The first question is not difficult; the second is computationally intractable (technically, it is NP-hard).Signed graphs were first introduced by Harary to handle a problem in social psychology (Cartwright and Harary, 1956). They have been rediscovered many times because they come up naturally in many unrelated areas. For instance, they enable one to describe and analyze the geometry of subsets of the classical root systems. They appear in topological graph theory and group theory. They are a natural context for questions about odd and even cycles in graphs. They appear in computing the ground state energy in the non-ferromagnetic Ising model; for this one needs to find a largest balanced edge set in Σ. They have been applied to data classification in correlation clustering.
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