The contribution of the Trp/Met/Phe residues to physical interactions
... discovered as a tumor suppressor protein [1, 2]. After 26 years of study, it is now clear that the p53 protein not only operates ...
... discovered as a tumor suppressor protein [1, 2]. After 26 years of study, it is now clear that the p53 protein not only operates ...
PCtpc201500393rar1_pap_plantcell 1..22
... upon MVB fusion with the tonoplast (Winter and Hauser, 2006). This process plays a central role in controlling the reutilization, storage, or degradation of membrane components and thus regulates fundamental biological processes including membrane turnover, defense against pathogens, development, ho ...
... upon MVB fusion with the tonoplast (Winter and Hauser, 2006). This process plays a central role in controlling the reutilization, storage, or degradation of membrane components and thus regulates fundamental biological processes including membrane turnover, defense against pathogens, development, ho ...
T cell co-stimulatory receptor CD28 is a primary target for
... on the LUV; (ii) the tyrosine kinases Lck, ZAP70 (a key cytosolic tyrosine kinase which binds to phosphorylated CD3 subunits to propagate the TCR signal (34)), and in some experiments the inhibitory kinase Csk (35); and (iii) downstream adapter and effector proteins LAT, Gads, SLP76 (36) and the reg ...
... on the LUV; (ii) the tyrosine kinases Lck, ZAP70 (a key cytosolic tyrosine kinase which binds to phosphorylated CD3 subunits to propagate the TCR signal (34)), and in some experiments the inhibitory kinase Csk (35); and (iii) downstream adapter and effector proteins LAT, Gads, SLP76 (36) and the reg ...
The origin of a derived superkingdom: how a gram
... These differences as well as the rRNA tree have convinced most scientists that the root of the tree of life must be between the prokaryotic superkingdoms. The proposal that archaea were a different kingdom was originally considered ridiculous because no one could imagine two distinct groups of proka ...
... These differences as well as the rRNA tree have convinced most scientists that the root of the tree of life must be between the prokaryotic superkingdoms. The proposal that archaea were a different kingdom was originally considered ridiculous because no one could imagine two distinct groups of proka ...
A processed form of the Spätzle protein defines dorsal
... Fig. 1. Rescue of dorsal-ventral pattern elements by perivitelline injection of polarizing activity. Cuticular patterns of uninjected (A,B) and injected (C) embryos and gastrulation patterns of uninjected (D,E) and injected (F,G) embryos. All embryos are shown dorsal side up, anterior to the left. T ...
... Fig. 1. Rescue of dorsal-ventral pattern elements by perivitelline injection of polarizing activity. Cuticular patterns of uninjected (A,B) and injected (C) embryos and gastrulation patterns of uninjected (D,E) and injected (F,G) embryos. All embryos are shown dorsal side up, anterior to the left. T ...
Post-transcriptional regulation of auxin transport proteins: cellular
... 2006; Zazimalova et al., 2007). By contrast, a current summary of ABCB auxin transporter gene expression and ABCB protein distribution is lacking in the literature. A brief summary of the expression patterns of ABCB auxin transporter genes is provided in Table 1 and a summary of protein localization ...
... 2006; Zazimalova et al., 2007). By contrast, a current summary of ABCB auxin transporter gene expression and ABCB protein distribution is lacking in the literature. A brief summary of the expression patterns of ABCB auxin transporter genes is provided in Table 1 and a summary of protein localization ...
Proteolytic and other metabolic pathways in lysosomes
... lytic’, ‘nuclease’ and ‘lipolytic’ pathways. The proteolytic and nuclease pathways start with enzymes specialized for action on the inner regions of the intact linear polymers that are their substrates, the endopeptidases and endonucleases, respectively. There are definite sequencesof reactions in t ...
... lytic’, ‘nuclease’ and ‘lipolytic’ pathways. The proteolytic and nuclease pathways start with enzymes specialized for action on the inner regions of the intact linear polymers that are their substrates, the endopeptidases and endonucleases, respectively. There are definite sequencesof reactions in t ...
In tobacco leaf epidermal cells, the integrity of protein export from
... apparatus in living plant cells has yet to emerge. It has been shown that Arf1 localizes at the Golgi apparatus (Takeuchi et al., 2002) with the coatomer (Movafeghi et al., 1999; Pimpl et al., 2000; Ritzenthaler et al., 2002). However, a distribution of Arf1 on non-Golgi structures has also been ver ...
... apparatus in living plant cells has yet to emerge. It has been shown that Arf1 localizes at the Golgi apparatus (Takeuchi et al., 2002) with the coatomer (Movafeghi et al., 1999; Pimpl et al., 2000; Ritzenthaler et al., 2002). However, a distribution of Arf1 on non-Golgi structures has also been ver ...
Isoform 5 of PIPKIc regulates the endosomal trafficking and
... multiple aspects of E-cadherin transport; thus, PI(4,5)P2generating enzymes are essential signaling relays in these pathways (Schill and Anderson, 2009a). Recently, much work has focused on defining the cellular pathways that remove Ecadherin from the cell surface and promote its degradation in the ...
... multiple aspects of E-cadherin transport; thus, PI(4,5)P2generating enzymes are essential signaling relays in these pathways (Schill and Anderson, 2009a). Recently, much work has focused on defining the cellular pathways that remove Ecadherin from the cell surface and promote its degradation in the ...
An immunoassay for atrazine using tunable immunosorbent Jae-Young Kim, Ashok Mulchandani,
... and harmful to the functionality of the antibodies [15]. One way to circumvent this problem is through the creation of multidomain artificial protein biopolymers in which the interchaining interaction and atrazinebinding functions are engineered independently. The availability of genetic engineering ...
... and harmful to the functionality of the antibodies [15]. One way to circumvent this problem is through the creation of multidomain artificial protein biopolymers in which the interchaining interaction and atrazinebinding functions are engineered independently. The availability of genetic engineering ...
In tobacco leaf epidermal cells, the integrity of protein export from
... apparatus in living plant cells has yet to emerge. It has been shown that Arf1 localizes at the Golgi apparatus (Takeuchi et al., 2002) with the coatomer (Movafeghi et al., 1999; Pimpl et al., 2000; Ritzenthaler et al., 2002). However, a distribution of Arf1 on non-Golgi structures has also been ver ...
... apparatus in living plant cells has yet to emerge. It has been shown that Arf1 localizes at the Golgi apparatus (Takeuchi et al., 2002) with the coatomer (Movafeghi et al., 1999; Pimpl et al., 2000; Ritzenthaler et al., 2002). However, a distribution of Arf1 on non-Golgi structures has also been ver ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... The root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. and the cyst nematodes, Heterodera and Globodera spp., are sedentary parasites of roots of many crop plant species that collectively incite billions of dollars in annual crop losses around the world. While both nematode groups use very similar parasitic stra ...
... The root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. and the cyst nematodes, Heterodera and Globodera spp., are sedentary parasites of roots of many crop plant species that collectively incite billions of dollars in annual crop losses around the world. While both nematode groups use very similar parasitic stra ...
as PDF
... small ionic radius in comparison to other metal ions; thus, Al3+ firmly binds to metalbinding amino acids (e.g. histidine, tyrosine, arginine etc.) or phosphorylated amino acids and acts as a cross-linker. Owing to this property, Al can cause the aggregation of various proteins and induce the confor ...
... small ionic radius in comparison to other metal ions; thus, Al3+ firmly binds to metalbinding amino acids (e.g. histidine, tyrosine, arginine etc.) or phosphorylated amino acids and acts as a cross-linker. Owing to this property, Al can cause the aggregation of various proteins and induce the confor ...
Charakterisierung peroxisomaler und Lipid
... The peroxisomal and lipid droplets related proteins of yeast S. cerevisiae were characterized in this work. Lpx1p and Ldh1p are putative hydrolases and/or lipases of peroxisome and lipid droplets respectively; Pex1p and Pex6p are peroxisomal AAA ATPases; and Ubp15p is a deubiquitinating enzyme. It w ...
... The peroxisomal and lipid droplets related proteins of yeast S. cerevisiae were characterized in this work. Lpx1p and Ldh1p are putative hydrolases and/or lipases of peroxisome and lipid droplets respectively; Pex1p and Pex6p are peroxisomal AAA ATPases; and Ubp15p is a deubiquitinating enzyme. It w ...
High-Molecular-Weight Forms of Tyrosinase and the
... TRP-2 migrated exclusively in a hig h - molecul ar-we ig ht form, as expected from its behavior on mol ecul ar sieve HPLC (Fig 1b, bottom). No TRP-2 was detected in association with th e peak of "free" tyrosinase from HPLC (Fig lb, lOp), Triton X-1 00 was used only in the initial phase of the purifi ...
... TRP-2 migrated exclusively in a hig h - molecul ar-we ig ht form, as expected from its behavior on mol ecul ar sieve HPLC (Fig 1b, bottom). No TRP-2 was detected in association with th e peak of "free" tyrosinase from HPLC (Fig lb, lOp), Triton X-1 00 was used only in the initial phase of the purifi ...
calcium, kinases and nodulation signalling in legumes
... Ca2+ concentrations at the tip and this establishes a gradient of Ca2+ down the root hair. Adding Nod factor accentuates this gradient23 and induces a wave of Ca2+ that migrates down the shaft of the root-hair cell towards the nucleus26. Isolated regions of high Ca2+ concentrations are observed in t ...
... Ca2+ concentrations at the tip and this establishes a gradient of Ca2+ down the root hair. Adding Nod factor accentuates this gradient23 and induces a wave of Ca2+ that migrates down the shaft of the root-hair cell towards the nucleus26. Isolated regions of high Ca2+ concentrations are observed in t ...
FOCAL ADHESION KINASE: IN COMMAND AND CONTROL OF
... The best-characterized FAK phosphorylation event is AUTOPHOSPHORYLATION at Tyr397, which can occur in either cis or trans 35. Phosphorylation of FAK at Tyr397 creates a motif that is recognized by various SH2-DOMAINcontaining proteins, such as SRC-FAMILY KINASES (SFKs), phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ), supp ...
... The best-characterized FAK phosphorylation event is AUTOPHOSPHORYLATION at Tyr397, which can occur in either cis or trans 35. Phosphorylation of FAK at Tyr397 creates a motif that is recognized by various SH2-DOMAINcontaining proteins, such as SRC-FAMILY KINASES (SFKs), phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ), supp ...
A C-terminus Mitochondrial-localization Region and BH3 Domain of
... Apoptosis is known to contribute to the loss of neurological function in brain injury and several neurodegenerative diseases. The Bcl-2 family of proteins consist of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members that interact physically and functionally to regulate apoptosis in a cell type and stimulus s ...
... Apoptosis is known to contribute to the loss of neurological function in brain injury and several neurodegenerative diseases. The Bcl-2 family of proteins consist of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members that interact physically and functionally to regulate apoptosis in a cell type and stimulus s ...
12 Autophagy as a defence against intracellular pathogens
... molecular patterns and damage signals A striking feature emerging from recent studies is that recognition of intracellular pathogens by autophagy is linked to the exposure of DAMPs (damage-associated molecular patterns) and/or PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). DAMPs are cell-derived mo ...
... molecular patterns and damage signals A striking feature emerging from recent studies is that recognition of intracellular pathogens by autophagy is linked to the exposure of DAMPs (damage-associated molecular patterns) and/or PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). DAMPs are cell-derived mo ...
Regulation of KNOLLE syntaxin - Journal of Cell Science
... a syntaxin and a SNAP25 protein or two t-SNARE light-chain proteins, interacts with the v-SNARE synaptobrevin on the vesicle membrane (Clague and Herrmann, 2000). There are numerous members of each SNARE protein family in yeast, animals and plants that have been implicated in diverse vesicle traffic ...
... a syntaxin and a SNAP25 protein or two t-SNARE light-chain proteins, interacts with the v-SNARE synaptobrevin on the vesicle membrane (Clague and Herrmann, 2000). There are numerous members of each SNARE protein family in yeast, animals and plants that have been implicated in diverse vesicle traffic ...
Dishevelled: at the crossroads of divergent
... tissues to become spatially organized and cells to become committed to specialized fates it is absolutely crucial for proper development that the underlying signaling systems receive and route information correctly. Recently, a wealth of genetic and biochemical experimental data has been collected a ...
... tissues to become spatially organized and cells to become committed to specialized fates it is absolutely crucial for proper development that the underlying signaling systems receive and route information correctly. Recently, a wealth of genetic and biochemical experimental data has been collected a ...
assembly of integral membrane proteins from the periplasm into the
... was observed in such htrM (rfaD) mutants (Missiakas et al., 1996). Searches for folding factors in the periplasm resulted in the discovery of several interesting proteins that function as chaperones or peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases), which are discussed in the following sections. For ...
... was observed in such htrM (rfaD) mutants (Missiakas et al., 1996). Searches for folding factors in the periplasm resulted in the discovery of several interesting proteins that function as chaperones or peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases), which are discussed in the following sections. For ...
Molecular Genetic Analysis of Phototropism in
... covalent adduct between the FMN and a critical cysteine residue in the LOV domain. This binding causes a conformational change in the phototropin proteins and activates their protein kinase activities. Activated phototropins are autophosphorylated at several serine residues (Inoue et al. 2008, Sulli ...
... covalent adduct between the FMN and a critical cysteine residue in the LOV domain. This binding causes a conformational change in the phototropin proteins and activates their protein kinase activities. Activated phototropins are autophosphorylated at several serine residues (Inoue et al. 2008, Sulli ...
Glycoxidation of biological macromolecules: A critical
... In diabetes, hyperglycemia induces modification of plasma and tissue proteins by nonenzymatic glycation, a gradual process that culminates with the formation of irreversible AGE. AGE accumulates particularly at sites of atherosclerotic lesions, but the mechanisms whereby AGE contributes to diabetes-i ...
... In diabetes, hyperglycemia induces modification of plasma and tissue proteins by nonenzymatic glycation, a gradual process that culminates with the formation of irreversible AGE. AGE accumulates particularly at sites of atherosclerotic lesions, but the mechanisms whereby AGE contributes to diabetes-i ...
Identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins that bind to
... The following individuals and institutions are hereby acknowledged and thanked for their contribution to this project. Dr Gabre Kemp, thank you for your support and sacrifice in the completion of this project. Your willingness to help and guide me along the way is greatly appreciated. Thank you for ...
... The following individuals and institutions are hereby acknowledged and thanked for their contribution to this project. Dr Gabre Kemp, thank you for your support and sacrifice in the completion of this project. Your willingness to help and guide me along the way is greatly appreciated. Thank you for ...
Protein phosphorylation
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, and tyrosine in eukaryotes, and histidine in prokaryotes, which play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, many other amino acids can also be phosphorylated, including arginine, lysine, and cysteine. Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.