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lecture notes-microbiology-1
lecture notes-microbiology-1

... • Some microorganism requires oxygen for growth called aerobic. • Other organism can be inhibited by the presence of oxygen which is called anaerobic. • Facultative organism can switch the metabolic pathway to allow them to grow under either circumstance. e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Almost all an ...
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4-2 Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell

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Spring Final Exam Review Questions

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1. photosynthesis and plant growth

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2013 cell types organelles Notes Pre AP(rev) 2

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The Cell Theory - Cloudfront.net

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Beats rhythmically to move fluids across cell surface

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Stem Cell Line Glossary Adult stem cells: Also known as somatic

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AP Biology Study Guide Name____________________ Per
AP Biology Study Guide Name____________________ Per

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< 1 ... 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 ... 1130 >

Cellular differentiation



In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.
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