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Cell potential and cloning
Cell potential and cloning

... Conclusions of nuclear transplantation experiments in amphibians: 1) Nuclei of differentiated cells have the potential to program development of many or all cells. (Therefore, the nuclei must contain all the necessary genes.) 2) The capacity of nuclei to direct development is restricted as they dif ...
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module 2: cellular transport
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The Cell
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EXPLORE LEARNING: CELL STRUCTURE

... Structures of a Typical Plant Cell In this activity, you will examine the basic structures of a typical plant cell and compare and contrast them with those of an animal cell. 1. Select View plant cell from the dropdown menu above the viewing area. Click Sample. Use the Zoom slider to magnify the ce ...
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Cellular differentiation



In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.
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