Chapter 9 / Adobe Acrobat Document
... space suddenly and rapidly expanded to an immense size. 4. George Gamow predicted that the background radiation in the universe should have cooled to about −269°C. The cosmic background radiation detected by Robert Wilson and Arno Penzias and later confirmed by the COBE and WMAP satellites correspon ...
... space suddenly and rapidly expanded to an immense size. 4. George Gamow predicted that the background radiation in the universe should have cooled to about −269°C. The cosmic background radiation detected by Robert Wilson and Arno Penzias and later confirmed by the COBE and WMAP satellites correspon ...
Test 1 Earth Science 1) According to the big bang timeline , as the
... countries commissioned by the World Health Organization classified cellphones as a possible carcinogen. This classification indicates that there is sufficient evidence of the connection to warrant further investigation and watchfulness. Reporting in an esteemed peer-reviewed journal, the National In ...
... countries commissioned by the World Health Organization classified cellphones as a possible carcinogen. This classification indicates that there is sufficient evidence of the connection to warrant further investigation and watchfulness. Reporting in an esteemed peer-reviewed journal, the National In ...
Lecture 1
... Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) and 2) Solar energetic particles (mainly protons). Normally ‘Cosmic Rays’ refers only to GCRs. The likely sources of GCRs are supernovae, active galactic nuclei, quasars and gamma ray bursts. So can originate in the Milky Way or even in other galaxies. We talk about prima ...
... Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) and 2) Solar energetic particles (mainly protons). Normally ‘Cosmic Rays’ refers only to GCRs. The likely sources of GCRs are supernovae, active galactic nuclei, quasars and gamma ray bursts. So can originate in the Milky Way or even in other galaxies. We talk about prima ...
age of the universe.
... a Doppler shift of the random motions of galaxies. an aging of light as the universe ages. space itself expanding with time, stretching light. the result of the Milky Way’s position at the center. being due to the temperature differences in the early and late universe. ...
... a Doppler shift of the random motions of galaxies. an aging of light as the universe ages. space itself expanding with time, stretching light. the result of the Milky Way’s position at the center. being due to the temperature differences in the early and late universe. ...
Expanding Universe
... • If a light-emitting object is moving away from a person, each wave of light leaves the object from a point slightly farther away from the person than the previous wave did. Therefore, the distance between waves, or wavelength, that the person sees is longer than it would be if the object were moti ...
... • If a light-emitting object is moving away from a person, each wave of light leaves the object from a point slightly farther away from the person than the previous wave did. Therefore, the distance between waves, or wavelength, that the person sees is longer than it would be if the object were moti ...
Creation of the Chemical Elements
... Protons and neutrons combined to make long-lasting helium nuclei when universe was ~ 3 minutes old ...
... Protons and neutrons combined to make long-lasting helium nuclei when universe was ~ 3 minutes old ...
Frontiers of Astronomy. Fred Hoyle. The Expanding Universe
... wasn't created that way. Indeed the Universe might have been created in any of an infinity of other ways but it wasn't. It was created to have just the properties of expansion and of uniformity that we observe. If we ask why so, no answer can be given. At the time of creation the density of material ...
... wasn't created that way. Indeed the Universe might have been created in any of an infinity of other ways but it wasn't. It was created to have just the properties of expansion and of uniformity that we observe. If we ask why so, no answer can be given. At the time of creation the density of material ...
25 centuries ago, the ancients came up with theories such as:
... b) An exploding star c) A massive collection of stars d) Another universe How many planets are in our solar system? a) 12 b) 4 c) 10 d) 9 e) 8 How can black holes be detected? a) We listen for them b) We detect their gravitational effects on other stars c) We can see them through telescopes d) We c ...
... b) An exploding star c) A massive collection of stars d) Another universe How many planets are in our solar system? a) 12 b) 4 c) 10 d) 9 e) 8 How can black holes be detected? a) We listen for them b) We detect their gravitational effects on other stars c) We can see them through telescopes d) We c ...
Lecture 2
... • How did we come to be ? • The Big Bang theory of an initial cosmic explosion is the most widely accepted theory of the origin of the universe - Matter and energy was hurled in all directions - The simplest elements hydrogen and helium initially dominated - Gravity caused matter to be drawn to ...
... • How did we come to be ? • The Big Bang theory of an initial cosmic explosion is the most widely accepted theory of the origin of the universe - Matter and energy was hurled in all directions - The simplest elements hydrogen and helium initially dominated - Gravity caused matter to be drawn to ...
Our Vast Universe
... However, in 1929 Edwin Hubble measured the redshifts of a number of distant galaxies and their apparent brightness. When he plotted redshift against relative distance, he found that the redshift of distant galaxies increased as a linear function of their distance. The only explanation for this obser ...
... However, in 1929 Edwin Hubble measured the redshifts of a number of distant galaxies and their apparent brightness. When he plotted redshift against relative distance, he found that the redshift of distant galaxies increased as a linear function of their distance. The only explanation for this obser ...
Galaxy Clusters
... Galaxies are the basic visible building blocks of the Universe. They are rarely found in isolation, but rather in sparse groups – sort of galactic urban sprawl. But occasional dense concentrations are found. The galaxies in these “Compact Groups” show dramatic differences in the way they evolve and ...
... Galaxies are the basic visible building blocks of the Universe. They are rarely found in isolation, but rather in sparse groups – sort of galactic urban sprawl. But occasional dense concentrations are found. The galaxies in these “Compact Groups” show dramatic differences in the way they evolve and ...
Solar Magnetism in Little Ice Age, Orbits in Solar Ecliptic
... gravity's speed cannot be infinite. Just as there is no upper limit to the speed of gravity waves, there is no lower limit on how fast space-time can stretch. Can an infinite universe expand? Bob Berman’s article "Infinite Universe" (“Astronomy” – Nov. 2012) says, “The evidence keeps flooding in. It ...
... gravity's speed cannot be infinite. Just as there is no upper limit to the speed of gravity waves, there is no lower limit on how fast space-time can stretch. Can an infinite universe expand? Bob Berman’s article "Infinite Universe" (“Astronomy” – Nov. 2012) says, “The evidence keeps flooding in. It ...
cos1+2+3
... • E.g. Consider a quasar with redshift z=2. Since the time the light left the quasar the universe has expanded by a factor of 1+z=3. At the epoch when the light left the quasar, – What was the distance between us and Virgo (presently 15Mpc)? – What was the CMB temperature then (presently 3K)? ...
... • E.g. Consider a quasar with redshift z=2. Since the time the light left the quasar the universe has expanded by a factor of 1+z=3. At the epoch when the light left the quasar, – What was the distance between us and Virgo (presently 15Mpc)? – What was the CMB temperature then (presently 3K)? ...
AS 4022: Cosmology - ASTRONOMY GROUP – University of St
... – Cluster potential well is deeper than the potential due to baryons – CMB temperature fluctuations: photons climbed out of random potentials of DM AS 4022 Cosmology ...
... – Cluster potential well is deeper than the potential due to baryons – CMB temperature fluctuations: photons climbed out of random potentials of DM AS 4022 Cosmology ...
How Did We Wind Up in Such an Unlikely Universe?
... to name a few essentials to life as we know it. So what had to happen next? Time had to pass and the universe had to cool off some more. When it did, gravity could take effect in places when the gas density was a little higher than elsewhere and pull surrounding gas into a collapsing ball. As it col ...
... to name a few essentials to life as we know it. So what had to happen next? Time had to pass and the universe had to cool off some more. When it did, gravity could take effect in places when the gas density was a little higher than elsewhere and pull surrounding gas into a collapsing ball. As it col ...
lecture1
... Universe was filled with an absorbing medium, like fog However, if light is absorbed it would heat up the medium, which would re-radiate, producing light albeit at different wavelengths, so this doesn’t work! ...
... Universe was filled with an absorbing medium, like fog However, if light is absorbed it would heat up the medium, which would re-radiate, producing light albeit at different wavelengths, so this doesn’t work! ...
From studying our solar system to searching for worlds beyond and
... bring all these data together and combine them with theory. By continuing to do so with Planck data and that from the coming decade’s large galaxy surveys, Peiris hopes to “probe the way nature works at extremely high energy scales, a trillion times higher than what we can test in the laboratory wit ...
... bring all these data together and combine them with theory. By continuing to do so with Planck data and that from the coming decade’s large galaxy surveys, Peiris hopes to “probe the way nature works at extremely high energy scales, a trillion times higher than what we can test in the laboratory wit ...
PPT - Wayne State University Physics and Astronomy
... This dark matter is believed to surround most galaxies, and the massto-light ratio for certain galaxies can exceed 300 times that of the sun. ...
... This dark matter is believed to surround most galaxies, and the massto-light ratio for certain galaxies can exceed 300 times that of the sun. ...
The Cosmic Near-Infrared Background: Remnant light form
... due to the mass spectrum could be large. •An accurate determination of the near-infrared background allows us to probe the formation history of early stars, which is difficult to constrain by other means. •A reasonable initial mass function, coupled with this star formation rate, does not overproduc ...
... due to the mass spectrum could be large. •An accurate determination of the near-infrared background allows us to probe the formation history of early stars, which is difficult to constrain by other means. •A reasonable initial mass function, coupled with this star formation rate, does not overproduc ...
30galaxies and the universe
... Black holes in the centers of giant galaxies—some more than one billion solar masses—had enough infalling gas to once blaze as quasars. The final mass of a black hole is not primordial, but instead is determined during the galaxy formation process. This shows that there is a close relationship betwe ...
... Black holes in the centers of giant galaxies—some more than one billion solar masses—had enough infalling gas to once blaze as quasars. The final mass of a black hole is not primordial, but instead is determined during the galaxy formation process. This shows that there is a close relationship betwe ...
Competitive advantage
... What are the sources of reioniza0on? When did reioniza0on begin and end? How did the ionizing sources evolve across space and cosmic 0me? ...
... What are the sources of reioniza0on? When did reioniza0on begin and end? How did the ionizing sources evolve across space and cosmic 0me? ...
CosmologyL2
... How do we know that the expansion of the universe is speeding up? by comparing its expansion today with how fast it was expanding in the distant past: By observing the motions of galaxies at different distances, astronomers can tell how fast the universe was expanding at different times in the past ...
... How do we know that the expansion of the universe is speeding up? by comparing its expansion today with how fast it was expanding in the distant past: By observing the motions of galaxies at different distances, astronomers can tell how fast the universe was expanding at different times in the past ...
Looking back in time to the big bang theory
... ago, and is still expanding today. The evidence for this is that the spectra from distant stars are red-shifted, meaning that they are moving away from us. Also, the universe has cosmic microwave background radiation, which was caused by the Big Bang. Supporting information There are opportunities f ...
... ago, and is still expanding today. The evidence for this is that the spectra from distant stars are red-shifted, meaning that they are moving away from us. Also, the universe has cosmic microwave background radiation, which was caused by the Big Bang. Supporting information There are opportunities f ...
Archaeology of the Universe
... – for the first time – it has been possible to make a map of the universe in the most ancient phase in which it can be observed. It is not a map of the Big Bang – no one can do that, because before the era which we have mapped BOOMERanG, the universe was opaque; it was not transparent. However, we c ...
... – for the first time – it has been possible to make a map of the universe in the most ancient phase in which it can be observed. It is not a map of the Big Bang – no one can do that, because before the era which we have mapped BOOMERanG, the universe was opaque; it was not transparent. However, we c ...
Cosmic microwave background
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is the thermal radiation left over from the time of recombination in Big Bang cosmology. In older literature, the CMB is also variously known as cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) or ""relic radiation."" The CMB is a cosmic background radiation that is fundamental to observational cosmology because it is the oldest light in the universe, dating to the epoch of recombination. With a traditional optical telescope, the space between stars and galaxies (the background) is completely dark. However, a sufficiently sensitive radio telescope shows a faint background glow, almost exactly the same in all directions, that is not associated with any star, galaxy, or other object. This glow is strongest in the microwave region of the radio spectrum. The accidental discovery of CMB in 1964 by American radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson was the culmination of work initiated in the 1940s, and earned the discoverers the 1978 Nobel Prize.The CMB is a snapshot of the oldest light in our Universe, imprinted on the sky when the Universe was just 380,000 years old. It shows tiny temperature fluctuations that correspond to regions of slightly different densities, representing the seeds of all future structure: the stars and galaxies of today.The CMB is well explained as radiation left over from an early stage in the development of the universe, and its discovery is considered a landmark test of the Big Bang model of the universe. When the universe was young, before the formation of stars and planets, it was denser, much hotter, and filled with a uniform glow from a white-hot fog of hydrogen plasma. As the universe expanded, both the plasma and the radiation filling it grew cooler. When the universe cooled enough, protons and electrons combined to form neutral atoms. These atoms could no longer absorb the thermal radiation, and so the universe became transparent instead of being an opaque fog. Cosmologists refer to the time period when neutral atoms first formed as the recombination epoch, and the event shortly afterwards when photons started to travel freely through space rather than constantly being scattered by electrons and protons in plasma is referred to as photon decoupling. The photons that existed at the time of photon decoupling have been propagating ever since, though growing fainter and less energetic, since the expansion of space causes their wavelength to increase over time (and wavelength is inversely proportional to energy according to Planck's relation). This is the source of the alternative term relic radiation. The surface of last scattering refers to the set of points in space at the right distance from us so that we are now receiving photons originally emitted from those points at the time of photon decoupling.Precise measurements of the CMB are critical to cosmology, since any proposed model of the universe must explain this radiation. The CMB has a thermal black body spectrum at a temperature of 7000272548000000000♠2.72548±0.00057 K. The spectral radiance dEν/dν peaks at 160.2 GHz, in the microwave range of frequencies. (Alternatively if spectral radiance is defined as dEλ/dλ then the peak wavelength is 1.063 mm.) The glow is very nearly uniform in all directions, but the tiny residual variations show a very specific pattern, the same as that expected of a fairly uniformly distributed hot gas that has expanded to the current size of the universe. In particular, the spectral radiance at different angles of observation in the sky contains small anisotropies, or irregularities, which vary with the size of the region examined. They have been measured in detail, and match what would be expected if small thermal variations, generated by quantum fluctuations of matter in a very tiny space, had expanded to the size of the observable universe we see today. This is a very active field of study, with scientists seeking both better data (for example, the Planck spacecraft) and better interpretations of the initial conditions of expansion. Although many different processes might produce the general form of a black body spectrum, no model other than the Big Bang has yet explained the fluctuations. As a result, most cosmologists consider the Big Bang model of the universe to be the best explanation for the CMB.The high degree of uniformity throughout the observable universe and its faint but measured anisotropy lend strong support for the Big Bang model in general and the ΛCDM (""Lambda Cold Dark Matter"") model in particular. Moreover, the fluctuations are coherent on angular scales that are larger than the apparent cosmological horizon at recombination. Either such coherence is acausally fine-tuned, or cosmic inflation occurred.