consumer–resource body-size relationships in natural food webs
... increases, in contrast to results of Cohen et al. (1993) based on ordinary linear regression. Woodward et al. (2005) show that the maximum prey size increases more strongly with predator size than the minimum prey size, so large predators feed on a larger size range of prey species and are less simi ...
... increases, in contrast to results of Cohen et al. (1993) based on ordinary linear regression. Woodward et al. (2005) show that the maximum prey size increases more strongly with predator size than the minimum prey size, so large predators feed on a larger size range of prey species and are less simi ...
L x
... Fig. 9.5 (p. 129): Catch curve for bluegill sunfish; descending curve after Age 2 can be used to estimate the adult mortality rate. ...
... Fig. 9.5 (p. 129): Catch curve for bluegill sunfish; descending curve after Age 2 can be used to estimate the adult mortality rate. ...
Hybridization and Conservation
... The New Zealand black stilt - formerly bred throughout New Zealand - now occurs in only one river basin due to predation and loss of breeding habitat. The pied stilt - self-introduced from Australia to the South Island in the early 1800s - spread to the North Island in the 1900s Hybrids - were first ...
... The New Zealand black stilt - formerly bred throughout New Zealand - now occurs in only one river basin due to predation and loss of breeding habitat. The pied stilt - self-introduced from Australia to the South Island in the early 1800s - spread to the North Island in the 1900s Hybrids - were first ...
Multitrophic Diversity Effects Of Network Degradation
... Second, the vast majority of diversity-effect studies express ecological function as a monotrophic-level process, such as the number of flowers visited by bee pollinators. However, many functions are inherently bitrophic in nature, as they represent the flux of energy or material between distinct fo ...
... Second, the vast majority of diversity-effect studies express ecological function as a monotrophic-level process, such as the number of flowers visited by bee pollinators. However, many functions are inherently bitrophic in nature, as they represent the flux of energy or material between distinct fo ...
- Wiley Online Library
... We collected data during the austral summers of 2004 and 2005. We located pairs on their breeding territory during pair formation, sprayed them from a distance with a non-permanent blue dye (PORCIMARK; Kruuse, UK) on their white breast, and then flipper-banded males and females with a plastic tag d ...
... We collected data during the austral summers of 2004 and 2005. We located pairs on their breeding territory during pair formation, sprayed them from a distance with a non-permanent blue dye (PORCIMARK; Kruuse, UK) on their white breast, and then flipper-banded males and females with a plastic tag d ...
Progress with Assessment of Data-Limited Stocks
... Conceptual drawing of the hockey stick relationship between spawning stock size and recruitment. SSBlim marks the border below which recruitment declines, SSBpa marks a precautionary distance to SSBlim, and 2 * SSBpa can be used as a proxy for SSBmsy, the stock size that can produce the maximum sust ...
... Conceptual drawing of the hockey stick relationship between spawning stock size and recruitment. SSBlim marks the border below which recruitment declines, SSBpa marks a precautionary distance to SSBlim, and 2 * SSBpa can be used as a proxy for SSBmsy, the stock size that can produce the maximum sust ...
Body size distributions in North American freshwater fish: smallscale
... respectively). As with the moments, these trends are not linear, but change in slope at lake volumes of about 0.001–0.01 km3: for all these variables, twoline piecewise models show better fits than one-line models (DAICc 7.8–86.0). There is considerable variability in the mean fish size–lake volume re ...
... respectively). As with the moments, these trends are not linear, but change in slope at lake volumes of about 0.001–0.01 km3: for all these variables, twoline piecewise models show better fits than one-line models (DAICc 7.8–86.0). There is considerable variability in the mean fish size–lake volume re ...
Carrying capacity
... capacity could support a positive natural increase, or could require a negative natural increase. Thus, the carrying capacity is the number of individuals an environment can support without significant negative impacts to the given organism and its environment. Below carrying capacity, populations t ...
... capacity could support a positive natural increase, or could require a negative natural increase. Thus, the carrying capacity is the number of individuals an environment can support without significant negative impacts to the given organism and its environment. Below carrying capacity, populations t ...
Predators and Ecosystem Management James A. Estes Wildlife
... c r o b e s , and soil nutrients (Pastor e t al. 1988). of fruits caused, in turn, by elk overgrazing, as a reWhile Isle Royale may be atypical because of its fau- sult of the absence of wolves in the Yellowstone nal simplicity-other predators (e.g., bears [ITrsz~secosystem. Conversely, there is som ...
... c r o b e s , and soil nutrients (Pastor e t al. 1988). of fruits caused, in turn, by elk overgrazing, as a reWhile Isle Royale may be atypical because of its fau- sult of the absence of wolves in the Yellowstone nal simplicity-other predators (e.g., bears [ITrsz~secosystem. Conversely, there is som ...
Predicting the effect of invertebrate regime shifts on wading birds
... Table 4 and Goss-Custard et al., 2006b). Waders are dependent on specific size categories of invertebrates, with some more generalist than others (greater numbers of species and sizes eaten), and any shift in prey species abundance or size range could cause a loss of available food (Cayford, 1993). A ...
... Table 4 and Goss-Custard et al., 2006b). Waders are dependent on specific size categories of invertebrates, with some more generalist than others (greater numbers of species and sizes eaten), and any shift in prey species abundance or size range could cause a loss of available food (Cayford, 1993). A ...
Document
... dental formula (with some exceptions): 2133/2133 dental comb: elongated incisors used for grooming NOTE: these adaptations for autogrooming (self-grooming) make sense, as prosimians tend to be less social than anthropoids--no one else to groom you) ...
... dental formula (with some exceptions): 2133/2133 dental comb: elongated incisors used for grooming NOTE: these adaptations for autogrooming (self-grooming) make sense, as prosimians tend to be less social than anthropoids--no one else to groom you) ...
PRIMATE EVOLUTION
... 2. Its big toe splayed out 90 degrees from the other toes. IV. A Missing Link? A. Kottak refers to the last ancestral population held commonly by humans, gorillas, and chimpanzees as Hogopans (after the genus names of these three). B. The lines of the orangutans, gibbons, and siamangs split off seve ...
... 2. Its big toe splayed out 90 degrees from the other toes. IV. A Missing Link? A. Kottak refers to the last ancestral population held commonly by humans, gorillas, and chimpanzees as Hogopans (after the genus names of these three). B. The lines of the orangutans, gibbons, and siamangs split off seve ...
Causes of extinction of vertebrates during the Holocene of mainland
... Tasmanian native hen (Gallinula mortierii). It is implicated in these extinctions because, although these species disappeared from the mainland in the late Holocene, they survived in Tasmania in the absence of the dingo (Archer, 1974; Baird, 1991; Corbett, 1995). This correlation in space and time b ...
... Tasmanian native hen (Gallinula mortierii). It is implicated in these extinctions because, although these species disappeared from the mainland in the late Holocene, they survived in Tasmania in the absence of the dingo (Archer, 1974; Baird, 1991; Corbett, 1995). This correlation in space and time b ...
Chapter 12
... nutrients from the water; – herbivores are plant eaters; – carnivore-scavengers are meat eaters; – and sediment-deposit feeders ingest sediment and extract the nutrients from it ...
... nutrients from the water; – herbivores are plant eaters; – carnivore-scavengers are meat eaters; – and sediment-deposit feeders ingest sediment and extract the nutrients from it ...
Neanderthal-modern human competition?
... Neanderthals. Differences in diet are also linked inseparably to their ability to procure various dietary elements (e.g. Shea, 1998). The proposed differences between Neanderthal versus modern human diets include the relative proportions of plant to animal foods (Richards et al., 2000, 2001), the mo ...
... Neanderthals. Differences in diet are also linked inseparably to their ability to procure various dietary elements (e.g. Shea, 1998). The proposed differences between Neanderthal versus modern human diets include the relative proportions of plant to animal foods (Richards et al., 2000, 2001), the mo ...
Pleistocene Rewilding - UNM Biology
... masses have sustained many thousands of years of human occupancy and impacts (Flannery 1995, 2001; Vitousek et al. 1997; Heckenberger et al. 2003; Mason 2004; Burney and Flannery 2005). Human economics, politics, demographics, and chemicals pervade every ecosystem; even the largest parks require man ...
... masses have sustained many thousands of years of human occupancy and impacts (Flannery 1995, 2001; Vitousek et al. 1997; Heckenberger et al. 2003; Mason 2004; Burney and Flannery 2005). Human economics, politics, demographics, and chemicals pervade every ecosystem; even the largest parks require man ...
Adaptation
... of the living world: diversity and fitness. There are on the order of two million species now living, and since at least 99.9 percent of the species that have ever lived are now extinct, the most con servative guess would be that two billion species have made their appearance on the earth since the ...
... of the living world: diversity and fitness. There are on the order of two million species now living, and since at least 99.9 percent of the species that have ever lived are now extinct, the most con servative guess would be that two billion species have made their appearance on the earth since the ...
toward a metabolic theory of ecology
... different structural and functional materials that comprise living biomass, have characteristic ratios of the common elements such as H, O, C, N, P, Na, Cl, S, Ca, and K. N is found primarily in proteins; P in nucleic acids, ADP and ATP, phospholipids, and skeletal structure; Na or K in intracellula ...
... different structural and functional materials that comprise living biomass, have characteristic ratios of the common elements such as H, O, C, N, P, Na, Cl, S, Ca, and K. N is found primarily in proteins; P in nucleic acids, ADP and ATP, phospholipids, and skeletal structure; Na or K in intracellula ...
Evolution in the Social Brain
... anthropoid primates exhibit a correlation between social group size and relative brain (or neocortex) size. This quantitative relationship is extremely robust; no matter how we analyze the data (with or without phylogenetic correction, using raw volumes, or residuals or ratios against any number of ...
... anthropoid primates exhibit a correlation between social group size and relative brain (or neocortex) size. This quantitative relationship is extremely robust; no matter how we analyze the data (with or without phylogenetic correction, using raw volumes, or residuals or ratios against any number of ...
Terrestrial Biomes
... that live in the same area. It also includes their interactions. • An ecosystem consists of all the biotic and abiotic factors in an area and their interactions. A niche refers to the role of a species in its ecosystem. A habitat is the physical environment in which a species lives and to which it i ...
... that live in the same area. It also includes their interactions. • An ecosystem consists of all the biotic and abiotic factors in an area and their interactions. A niche refers to the role of a species in its ecosystem. A habitat is the physical environment in which a species lives and to which it i ...
Chapter 26: Amniotes
... Reptiles are a diverse group of amniotes. About 200 million years ago, a mass extinction resulted in the loss of many of Earth’s plant and animal species. One group of organisms that survived— the reptiles—have thrived for millions of years. Reptiles are ectotherms that are covered with dry scales o ...
... Reptiles are a diverse group of amniotes. About 200 million years ago, a mass extinction resulted in the loss of many of Earth’s plant and animal species. One group of organisms that survived— the reptiles—have thrived for millions of years. Reptiles are ectotherms that are covered with dry scales o ...
Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the
... climatic oscillations that began about 1 Mya, during the Pleistocene, was characterized by glaciations alternating with episodes of glacial melting (10). The oscillations led to warming and cooling that impacted many taxa. The current episode of global warming can be considered an extreme and extend ...
... climatic oscillations that began about 1 Mya, during the Pleistocene, was characterized by glaciations alternating with episodes of glacial melting (10). The oscillations led to warming and cooling that impacted many taxa. The current episode of global warming can be considered an extreme and extend ...
Relationships between body size and abundance in ecology
... the power-law form of the GSDR comes from the differences in coefficients (i.e. c) that exist between groups (e.g. endotherms versus ectotherms). Most notably, shifts in the coefficients are approximately proportional to the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels [19–21] and are invers ...
... the power-law form of the GSDR comes from the differences in coefficients (i.e. c) that exist between groups (e.g. endotherms versus ectotherms). Most notably, shifts in the coefficients are approximately proportional to the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels [19–21] and are invers ...
Changing Populations C21L2
... also change when organisms move from place to place. Migration is the instinctive seasonal movement of a population of organisms from one place to another. Ducks, geese, and monarch butterflies are examples of organisms that migrate annually. ...
... also change when organisms move from place to place. Migration is the instinctive seasonal movement of a population of organisms from one place to another. Ducks, geese, and monarch butterflies are examples of organisms that migrate annually. ...
Clutch Size - Humboldt State University
... D. The most intriguing variation of all, however, is the relatively consistent trends in clutch size with respect to several environmental variables…both among and within species! See Table 20-5. E. A question that has interested ecologists for over 50 years is the evolutionary significance of this ...
... D. The most intriguing variation of all, however, is the relatively consistent trends in clutch size with respect to several environmental variables…both among and within species! See Table 20-5. E. A question that has interested ecologists for over 50 years is the evolutionary significance of this ...
Megafauna
In terrestrial zoology, megafauna (Ancient Greek megas ""large"" + New Latin fauna ""animal"") are large or giant animals. The most common thresholds used are 45 kilograms (100 lb) or 100 kilograms (220 lb). This thus includes many species not popularly thought of as overly large, such as white-tailed deer, red kangaroo, and humans.In practice, the most common usage encountered in academic and popular writing describes land animals roughly larger than a human that are not (solely) domesticated. The term is especially associated with the Pleistocene megafauna – the land animals often larger than modern counterparts considered archetypical of the last ice age, such as mammoths, the majority of which in northern Eurasia, the Americas and Australia became extinct as recently as 10,000–40,000 years ago. It is also commonly used for the largest extant wild land animals, especially elephants, giraffes, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, and large bovines. Megafauna may be subcategorized by their trophic position into megaherbivores (e.g., elk), megacarnivores (e.g., lions), and, more rarely, megaomnivores (e.g., bears).Other common uses are for giant aquatic species, especially whales, any larger wild or domesticated land animals such as larger antelope and cattle, as well as numerous dinosaurs and other extinct giant reptilians.The term is also sometimes applied to animals (usually extinct) of great size relative to a more common or surviving type of the animal, for example the 1 m (3 ft) dragonflies of the Carboniferous period.