Inclusive fitness in a homogeneous environment
... The inclusive fitness approach to the modelling of behaviour requires us to add up the effects of an action on the fitness of all individuals in the population, each effect weighted by the relatedness of the actor to the individual. If the resulting sum is positive, then the action is selectively fa ...
... The inclusive fitness approach to the modelling of behaviour requires us to add up the effects of an action on the fitness of all individuals in the population, each effect weighted by the relatedness of the actor to the individual. If the resulting sum is positive, then the action is selectively fa ...
Section 11-3 Powerpoint
... from parents to their offspring • 13. Two or more forms of a trait may exist (ex: Dominant and Recessive) • The copies of genes are segregated from each other when gametes are formed • The alleles for different genes usually segregate independently from one another ...
... from parents to their offspring • 13. Two or more forms of a trait may exist (ex: Dominant and Recessive) • The copies of genes are segregated from each other when gametes are formed • The alleles for different genes usually segregate independently from one another ...
2. Selective breeding
... 2.4.3. Combined selection When traits can be recorded on the breeding candidates, family selection can be combined with individual selection to increase the accuracy of the estimates of breeding values, and thereby achieve a greater selection response. Combined selection increases the rate of select ...
... 2.4.3. Combined selection When traits can be recorded on the breeding candidates, family selection can be combined with individual selection to increase the accuracy of the estimates of breeding values, and thereby achieve a greater selection response. Combined selection increases the rate of select ...
RF (mu) = NPD + ½(T)/total x 100
... produced if an individual is heterozygous for alleles at only one locus per chromosome and has 22 somatic chromosome pairs? A: 2 alleles on each of 22 chromosome pairs = 222 ...
... produced if an individual is heterozygous for alleles at only one locus per chromosome and has 22 somatic chromosome pairs? A: 2 alleles on each of 22 chromosome pairs = 222 ...
Mendel`s Work
... plants to see what traits were inherited by following generations • Importance of his experiments not recognized until 1900’s • Now known as Father of Genetics ...
... plants to see what traits were inherited by following generations • Importance of his experiments not recognized until 1900’s • Now known as Father of Genetics ...
Problem Set 1 1. Name 4 important differences between mitosis and
... 4. The frequency of allele A in a population is 0.6. You sample 10 individuals from the population. What is the probability that 6 of them will have allele A? ...
... 4. The frequency of allele A in a population is 0.6. You sample 10 individuals from the population. What is the probability that 6 of them will have allele A? ...
Powerpoint
... 14: Uncle (father’s side)-Niece (Genetic: 1/8), Nephew-Aunt (unrelated) 15: Father-Daughter-in-law 16: Brother-Sister-in-law ...
... 14: Uncle (father’s side)-Niece (Genetic: 1/8), Nephew-Aunt (unrelated) 15: Father-Daughter-in-law 16: Brother-Sister-in-law ...
Chapter 3 Genetics
... - he crossed purebred plants which had opposite traits -in first filial generation, one trait was evident and the other had disappeared - in the second filial generation (F2), one trait showed up in ¾ of the offspring, and the other trait reappeared but only in ¼ of the offspring. Conclusion: - indi ...
... - he crossed purebred plants which had opposite traits -in first filial generation, one trait was evident and the other had disappeared - in the second filial generation (F2), one trait showed up in ¾ of the offspring, and the other trait reappeared but only in ¼ of the offspring. Conclusion: - indi ...
The Wahlund Effect and F Statistics -- The Interaction of - IB-USP
... when put into biparental, diploid equivalents. Thus, both haploid results (with significant Fst’s) are consistent with the low nuclear Fst. This extends to range of effective migrants to 2 < Nem e < 12. m e may also be different for the different genetic systems. Studies have shown that D. mercatoru ...
... when put into biparental, diploid equivalents. Thus, both haploid results (with significant Fst’s) are consistent with the low nuclear Fst. This extends to range of effective migrants to 2 < Nem e < 12. m e may also be different for the different genetic systems. Studies have shown that D. mercatoru ...
The adaptive evolution of social traits
... ―> sisters should bias the sex ratio of siblings towards 1 male : 3 females ―> if sisters do use this option, then mating success of females is 1/3 that of males ―> the 3/1 advantage of rearing sisters is therefore cancelled by the 1/3 reduction in mating success ...
... ―> sisters should bias the sex ratio of siblings towards 1 male : 3 females ―> if sisters do use this option, then mating success of females is 1/3 that of males ―> the 3/1 advantage of rearing sisters is therefore cancelled by the 1/3 reduction in mating success ...
number of colorblind males
... males, even if they are recessive. In order for a recessive allele, such as the one for colorblindness, to be expressed in females, there must be two copies of the allele, one on each of the two X chromosomes. This means that the recessive phenotype for a sex-linked genetic disorder tends to be much ...
... males, even if they are recessive. In order for a recessive allele, such as the one for colorblindness, to be expressed in females, there must be two copies of the allele, one on each of the two X chromosomes. This means that the recessive phenotype for a sex-linked genetic disorder tends to be much ...
Chapter 12: Family, Society, and Evolution
... All behaviors have costs and benefits to the individual and to others affected by the behavior, with special consequences for close relatives. Behavior is influenced by genetic factors and is thus subject to evolutionary modification by natural selection. Interactions within a social setting lead ...
... All behaviors have costs and benefits to the individual and to others affected by the behavior, with special consequences for close relatives. Behavior is influenced by genetic factors and is thus subject to evolutionary modification by natural selection. Interactions within a social setting lead ...
Genetic Selection Program
... Genetic improvement of feed efficiency is expected to be about three (rainbow trout) to eight-fold (European Whitefish) slower compared to the improvement of growth rate. Feed efficiency can be indirectly improved by selecting on growth rate Rapid growth is genetically related to improved feed effic ...
... Genetic improvement of feed efficiency is expected to be about three (rainbow trout) to eight-fold (European Whitefish) slower compared to the improvement of growth rate. Feed efficiency can be indirectly improved by selecting on growth rate Rapid growth is genetically related to improved feed effic ...
Lecture PPT - Carol Eunmi LEE
... genetic markers in a population more often or less often than would be expected from a random formation of haplotypes from alleles based on their frequencies. ...
... genetic markers in a population more often or less often than would be expected from a random formation of haplotypes from alleles based on their frequencies. ...
Sex - Carol Lee Lab
... genetic markers in a population more often or less often than would be expected from a random formation of haplotypes from alleles based on their frequencies. • Linkage disequilibrium can be caused by evolutionary factors such as natural selection and genetic drift. • Recombination will break d ...
... genetic markers in a population more often or less often than would be expected from a random formation of haplotypes from alleles based on their frequencies. • Linkage disequilibrium can be caused by evolutionary factors such as natural selection and genetic drift. • Recombination will break d ...
Review of Population Genetics Equations
... Derivation: Imagine that in each generation, allele A mutates to allele a with a frequency of u, and that allele a “back-mutates” to A with a frequency of v. Then in each generation, q, the frequency of the a allele, increases by a factor of up (the rate of mutation of A to a times the frequency of ...
... Derivation: Imagine that in each generation, allele A mutates to allele a with a frequency of u, and that allele a “back-mutates” to A with a frequency of v. Then in each generation, q, the frequency of the a allele, increases by a factor of up (the rate of mutation of A to a times the frequency of ...
Quantitative genetics
... How to measure it? How to analyze genetic effects? How to find the the genetic factors? ...
... How to measure it? How to analyze genetic effects? How to find the the genetic factors? ...
Mendel Review ppt
... heterozygous individual 2--Incomplete dominance.. The dominant does not completely mask the recessive and the heterozygous phenotype is a blend of the two- an intermediate variation. There are three possible phenotypes. ...
... heterozygous individual 2--Incomplete dominance.. The dominant does not completely mask the recessive and the heterozygous phenotype is a blend of the two- an intermediate variation. There are three possible phenotypes. ...
Lecture PPT - Carol Lee Lab
... genetic markers in a population more often or less often than would be expected from a random formation of haplotypes from alleles based on their frequencies. ...
... genetic markers in a population more often or less often than would be expected from a random formation of haplotypes from alleles based on their frequencies. ...
ppt - Southgate Schools
... The Experiments of Mendel • Genes and Alleles – Each original pair of plants is the P generation. – Offspring are F1 = first filial – Genes are the factors (traits) passed from one generation to the next. – Alleles are alternative forms of a ...
... The Experiments of Mendel • Genes and Alleles – Each original pair of plants is the P generation. – Offspring are F1 = first filial – Genes are the factors (traits) passed from one generation to the next. – Alleles are alternative forms of a ...
notes (p.49-52)
... N ), which are then randomly culled so that the total population size remains constant at N . For large N , the number of offspring from each individual is close to a Poisson distribution with mean 1, and therefore variance 1. N OTE . In population genetics, we often count diploid individuals; here, ...
... N ), which are then randomly culled so that the total population size remains constant at N . For large N , the number of offspring from each individual is close to a Poisson distribution with mean 1, and therefore variance 1. N OTE . In population genetics, we often count diploid individuals; here, ...
Inbreeding avoidance
Inbreeding avoidance, or the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis, is a concept in evolutionary biology that refers to the prevention of the deleterious effects of inbreeding. The inbreeding avoidance hypothesis posits that certain mechanisms develop within a species, or within a given population of a species, as a result of natural and sexual selection in order to prevent breeding among related individuals in that species or population. Although inbreeding may impose certain evolutionary costs, inbreeding avoidance, which limits the number of potential mates for a given individual, can inflict opportunity costs. Therefore, a balance exists between inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance. This balance determines whether inbreeding mechanisms develop and the specific nature of said mechanisms.Inbreeding results in inbreeding depression, which is the reduction of fitness of a given population due to inbreeding. Inbreeding depression occurs via one of two mechanisms. The first mechanism involves the appearance of disadvantageous traits via the pairing of deleterious recessive alleles in a mating pair’s progeny. When two related individuals mate, the probability of deleterious recessive alleles pairing in the resulting offspring is higher as compared to when non-related individuals mate. The second mechanism relates to the increased fitness of heterozygotes. Many studies have demonstrated that homozygous individuals are often disadvantaged with respect to heterozygous individuals. For example, a study conducted on a population of South African cheetahs demonstrated that the lack of genetic variability among individuals in the population has resulted in negative consequences for individuals, such as a greater rate of juvenile mortality and spermatozoal abnormalities. When heterozygotes possess a fitness advantage relative to a homozygote, a population with a large number of homozygotes will have a relatively reduced fitness, thus leading to inbreeding depression. Through these described mechanisms, the effects of inbreeding depression are often severe enough to cause the evolution of inbreeding avoidance mechanisms.