• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
57-0306 God Keeps His Word #1
57-0306 God Keeps His Word #1

... hoarse in my throat, not from a bad cold, but just too much speaking. This is about four months straight with hardly a night off. So you can imagine what a great terrible strain it is. From the frozen regions until the tropical jungles, and there's no let up yet. I've got... Go from here; immediatel ...
53-0328 Israel And T.. - William Branham Storehouse
53-0328 Israel And T.. - William Branham Storehouse

... Then they went on down, and he done signs and wonders and miracles, And notice. Oh, my, I felt Something strike me. Look how that Jambres and Jannes, them two astrologers, stood there and performed the same kind of miracles that Moses and Aaron did, went right along with them. Impersonations, brothe ...
Terrible Sonnets
Terrible Sonnets

... The ‘Terrible Sonnets’ certainly reflect suffering. In ‘To Seem the Stranger’, Hopkins’ poetic creativity, ‘what word/Wisest my heart breeds’, is doubly frustrated, by ‘dark heaven’s baffling ban’ and by ‘hell’s spell’. The latter perhaps refers to his dark mood.8 The former, however, could refer to ...
56-0614 God Provided A Lamb
56-0614 God Provided A Lamb

... Well, over in this blessed old Bible, the old Textbook, we'll take the same subject tonight: of Abraham. And tomorrow night, remember; come early. I'm going to have the boys giving out their cards and things early, if we can, for a great prayer line tomorrow night, the Lord willing. Now, last night ...
The Letters to the Ephesians
The Letters to the Ephesians

... begrudgingly, or because He had to. God’s Word says in Eph. 1:5 that He did this because of His kind intention (AMP)—it gave Him great pleasure (NLT) to do this. He purposed to do this because it pleased Him. He had this purpose even BEFORE He created man. In fact, God’s WHOLE purpose of creation wa ...
59-0416 El-Shaddai - Living Word Broadcast
59-0416 El-Shaddai - Living Word Broadcast

... And then, we've got to get back. And that's why I was teaching on Abraham, to let you know... The greatest thing I find in the church tonight, amongst the people, all the churches... When I say church, I mean all of them. I find two different classes of people. I find fundamental people, who positio ...
61-0207 Expectation - William Branham Storehouse
61-0207 Expectation - William Branham Storehouse

... great. So what we've got to do is get back into the program of God and find out, after all, what God wants us to do. And the only way I know to do it is prayer. Prayer is the key. That's the answer. Prayer changes things. Prayer is the most powerful weapon that was ever put in the--the control of hu ...
Living as a Covenant Community - Leader`s Guide
Living as a Covenant Community - Leader`s Guide

... The learning strategy of the Leader’s Guide seeks to make use of all of the elements of the quadrilateral learning model suggested by John Wesley: scripture, tradition, reason, and experience. We will take the scriptures seriously. We will think about the history and work of our church and the lesso ...
FSM 217 (FN 326) DO Copyrighted May 1992, by Family Services
FSM 217 (FN 326) DO Copyrighted May 1992, by Family Services

... shall raise a standard against him, & My Word shall go before Me to prepare the way. I shall keep thee in the way that thou shalt go, I will guide thee with Mine eye. Fear not, little flock, for it is your Father's good pleasure to give you the Kingdom. All these things must needs come to pass, the ...
2 Timothy - preachers` gathering
2 Timothy - preachers` gathering

... The words of benediction, blessing and greeting which closed the previous verse are so familiar we tend to overlook them. They speak volumes to our hearts concerning the manifold goodness of God and His provision for our every need every passing day. Paul speaks of unfailing grace, for he would neve ...
Team Ministries - NEW LIFE At FBC
Team Ministries - NEW LIFE At FBC

... an empty seat in the middle of the pew. Once you settle into your seats you are deeply moved by the music ministry that provides a blended combination of traditional and contemporary gospel music, attractive to all ages. “Amen” would be voiced comfortably all over the church. No one would stare at ...
Jam3_13 - Amador Bible Studies
Jam3_13 - Amador Bible Studies

... Christian literature. (3rd ed.) (Page 935). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ...
RAVI ZACHARIAS INTERNATIONAL MINISTRIES PRESENTS
RAVI ZACHARIAS INTERNATIONAL MINISTRIES PRESENTS

... the Qur’anic materials in perfect copies and return the manuscripts to you.” Hafsa sent it to ‘Uthman. ‘Uthman then ordered Zaid bin Thabit, ‘Abdullah bin Az-Zubair, Said bin Al-As and ‘Abdur-Rahman bin Harith bin Hisham to rewrite the manuscripts in perfect copies. ‘Uthman said to the three Quraish ...
Practice of Fasting 21
Practice of Fasting 21

... not be obvious to men that you are fasting, but only to your Father, who is unseen; and your Father, who sees what is done in secret, will reward you." We are not to let fasting slow us down or be used as an excuse to under-perform in our daily duties. In fact, soldiers involved in the activity of w ...
Introductory Pages for Old Testament Books UNIT FORMAT Each
Introductory Pages for Old Testament Books UNIT FORMAT Each

... LORD’s army” showed Joshua that the Lord was the real leader of the conquest and would be fighting with him in the coming battle. The heavenly armies ensured victory to Israel. In fact, God’s promise was as good as done: “I have delivered Jericho into your hands,” he said (6:2). (Early Jewish interp ...
61-0319 Jezebel Religion - William Branham Storehouse
61-0319 Jezebel Religion - William Branham Storehouse

... Gracious and holy Father God, we are so glad that You are a--a God and a very present Help in the time of trouble. We thank You for what You have done for us. We just cannot express from our hearts how we appreciate this and how You've come to our rescue when we're in trouble. We have learned throug ...
{66} Revelation - TheWordNotes.com
{66} Revelation - TheWordNotes.com

... (6) But this thou hast, that thou hatest the (6) But this you do have, that you hate the deeds of the Nicolaitans, which I also hate. deeds of the Nicolaitansb, which I also hate. (7) He that hath an ear, let him hear what the (7) He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the church ...
Barthianism - Free Reformed Churches of North America
Barthianism - Free Reformed Churches of North America

... Barth criticized the notion of the 19th century that man has a natural ability to know God and to understand God. The liberal theologians of the 19th century had taught that man has natural capacities to grasp God. Man can, by his own reasoning, come to a certain understanding of the truth. This is ...
sickness and healing what the bible tells us
sickness and healing what the bible tells us

... In this context, let us read Isaiah 33:24, which contains a prophecy for the future: “And the inhabitant will not say, ‘I am sick [Hebrew, “chalah”]’; The people who dwell in it will be forgiven their iniquity.” We will discuss this Scripture in more detail later in this booklet. At this point, we c ...
(Lewis S. Chafer)
(Lewis S. Chafer)

... salvation as resulting from a manner of daily life, both moral and religious, rather than a state wrought by the creative power of God. An appeal for a reformed manner of life is to him "practical" and "reasonable," and he sees little value in the Biblical appeal for personal faith in the saving po ...
The Biblical Theology of the Heart
The Biblical Theology of the Heart

... When I returned home, my quest to research the subject of heart was before me and my game plan was simple; look up all these passages and uncover what they say. After a few months I found myself over the theological microscope looking at sample after sample, Petri dish after Petri dish if you will, ...
Noah and the Universal Flood: Part I Events Leading to the Deluge
Noah and the Universal Flood: Part I Events Leading to the Deluge

... There are a number of things about these mixed marriages that merit close examination. First, the young men from the families that professed faith in the true God were motivated not by spiritual concerns, but rather based their decision on the physical beauty of the heathen women. They were directe ...
RTF - Diocese of Los Angeles and the West
RTF - Diocese of Los Angeles and the West

... soul, and forget not all that He hath done for thee, Who is gracious unto all thine iniquities, Who healeth all thine infirmities, Who redeemeth thy life from corruption, Who crowneth thee with mercy and compassion, Who fulfilleth thy desire with good things; thy youth shall be renewed as the eagle’ ...
God`s Contagious Love - Downey Seventh
God`s Contagious Love - Downey Seventh

... good. Nobody else is shy. Hey, we’ve got this made. Turn to your neighbor and say are you shy? What do you think? See, we have to loosen up a little bit because this is like being at home. This is like being with the family. This is the family here and so today is the day that I will guarantee you I ...
The Crack in in the Liberty Bell LATEST.p65
The Crack in in the Liberty Bell LATEST.p65

... Only by the divine hand of Providence or extreme coincidence could an ordinary bell made to honor the Quaker religious beliefs in God go on to become a worldwide symbol of Liberty and Freedom. While the Liberty Bell remains a symbol of the Liberties and Freedoms we cherish as a nation, few understan ...
< 1 ... 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ... 84 >

God in Sikhism

The concept of ""God"" in Sikhism is uncompromisingly monotheistic, as symbolized by ""Ik Onkar""(one all pervading spirit), a central tenet of Sikh philosophy. However Sikhs believe that God also prevails in everything. The fundamental belief of Sikhism is that God exists, indescribable yet knowable and perceivable to anyone who is prepared to dedicate the time and energy to become perceptive to their persona.The Sikh gurus have described God in numerous ways in their hymns included in the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhism, but the oneness of the deity is consistently emphasized throughout. God is described in the Mool Mantar, the first passage in the Guru Granth Sahib, and the basic formula of the faith is: ੴ ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ ॥ ikk ōankār sat(i)-nām(u) karatā purakh(u) nirabha'u niravair(u) akāla mūrat(i) ajūnī saibhan(g) gur(a) prasād(i). There is but one all pervading spirit, and it is called the truth, It exists in all creation, and it has no fear, It does not hate and, it is timeless, universal and self-existent!, You will come to know it through seeking knowledge and learning.Knowledge of the ultimate Reality is not a matter for reason; it comes by revelation of the ultimate reality through nadar (grace) and by anubhava (mystical experience). Says Guru Nanak, budhi pathi na paiai bahu chaturaiai bhai milai mani bhane which translates to ""He is not accessible through intellect, or through mere scholarship or cleverness at argument; He is met, when He pleases, through devotion"" (SGGS, 436).The Guru Granth consistently refers to God as ""He"" and ""Father"". However, this is simply because the Granth is written in north Indian Indo-Aryan languages (mixture of Punjabi and dialects of Hindi) which have no neutral gender. Since the Granth says that the God is indescribable, the God has no gender according to Sikhism.Guru Nanak prefixed the numeral one (ik) to it, making it Ik Oankar or Ekankar to stress God's oneness. God is named and known only through his Own immanent nature. The only name which can be said to truly fit God's transcendent state is Sat (Sanskrit Satnam, Truth), the changeless and timeless Reality. God is transcendent and all-pervasive at the same time. Transcendence and immanence are two aspects of the same single Supreme Reality. The Reality is immanent in the entire creation, but the creation as a whole fails to contain God fully. As says Guru Tegh Bahadur, Nanak IX, ""He has himself spread out His Own “maya” (worldly illusion) which He oversees; many different forms He assumes in many colours, yet He stays independent of all"" (SGGS, 537).God is Karta Purakh, the Creator-Being. He created the spatial-temporal universe not from some pre-existing physical element, but from His own Self. Universe is His own emanation. It is not maya (illusion), but is real (sat) because, as say Guru Arjan, “True is He and true is His creation [because] all has emanated from God Himself” (SGGS 294).But God is not identical with the universe. The latter exists and is contained in Him and not vice versa. God is immanent in the created world, but is not limited by it. “Many times He expands Himself into such worlds but He ever remains the same One Ekankar"" (SGGS, 276). Even at one time ""there are hundreds of thousands of skies and nether regions"" (SGGS, 5). Included in Sach Khand (Realm of Truth), the figurative abode of God, there are countless regions and universes"" (SGGS, 8). Creation is ""His play which He witnesses, and when He rolls up the play, He is His sole Self again"" (SGGS, 292). He is the Creator, Sustainer and the Destroyer.What is the Creator's purpose in creating the universe? It is not for man to inquire or judge the purpose of His Creator. To quote Guru Arjan again, ""The created cannot have a measure of the Creator; what He wills, O Nanak, happens"" (SGGS, 285). For the Sikhs, the Creation is His pleasure and play ""When the showman beat His drum, the whole creation came out to witness the show; and when He puts aside his disguise, He rejoices in His original solitude"" (SGGS, 174, 291, 655, 736).Purakh added to Karta in the Mool Mantar is the Punjabi form of Sanskrit purusa, which literally means, besides man, male or person, ""the primeval man as the soul and original source of the universe; the personal and animating principle; the supreme Being or Soul of the universe."" Purakh in Mool Mantar is, therefore, none other than God the Creator. The term has nothing to do with the purusa of the Sankhya school of Indian philosophy where it is the spirit as a passive spectator of prakriti or creative force.That God is nirbhau (without fear) and nirvair (without rancour or enemy) is obvious enough as He has no sarik (rival). But the terms have other connotations, too. Nirbhau not only indicates fearlessness but also the absence of fearfulness. It also implies sovereignty and unquestioned exercise of Will. Similarly, nirvair implies, besides absence of enmity, the positive attributes of compassion and impartiality. Together the two terms mean that God loves His handiwork and is the Dispenser of impartial justice, dharam-niau. Guru Ram Das, Nanak IV, says: ""Why should we be afraid, with the True One being the judge. True is the True One's justice"" (SGGS, 84).God is Akal Murat, the Eternal Being. The timelessness involved in the negative epithet akal has made it popular in Sikh tradition as one of the names of God, the Timeless One, as in Akal Purakh or in the slogan Sat Sri Akal (Satya Sri Akal). One of the most sacred shrines of the Sikhs is the Akal Takhat, the Eternal Throne, at Amritsar. Murat here does not mean form, figure, image or idol. Sikhism expressly forbids idolatry or image-worship in any form. God is called Nirankar, the Formless One, although it is true that all forms are the manifestations of Nirankar. Bhai Gurdas, the earliest expounder and the copyist of the original recension of Guru Granth Sahib, says: ""Nirankar akaru hari joti sarup anup dikhaia (The Formless One having created form manifested His wondrous refulgence)"" (Varan, XII. 17). Murat in the Mool Mantra, therefore, signifies verity or manifestation of the Timeless and Formless One.God is Ajuni, un-incarnated, and saibhan (Sanskrit svayambhu), Self-existent. The Primal Creator Himself had no creator. He simply is, has ever been and shall ever be by Himself. Ajuni also affirms the Sikh rejection of the theory of divine incarnation. Guru Arjan says: ""Man misdirected by false belief indulges in falsehood; God is free from birth and death. . . May that mouth be scorched which says that God is incarnated"" (SGGS, 1136). Nevertheless, there are verses in the Guru Granth Sahib that seem to support the teaching that God incarnated, on which the some Sanatan Sikhs call on, like:ਜਗ ਅਉਰੁ ਨ ਯਾਹਿ ਮਹਾ ਤਮ ਮੈ ਅਵਤਾਰੁ ਉਜਾਗਰੁ ਆਨਿ ਕੀਅਉ ॥jag aour n yaahi mehaa tham mai avathaar oujaagar aan keeao ||In the great darkness of this world, the Lord revealed Himself, incarnated as Guru Arjun.ਤਤੁ ਬਿਚਾਰੁ ਯਹੈ ਮਥੁਰਾ ਜਗ ਤਾਰਨ ਕਉ ਅਵਤਾਰੁ ਬਨਾਯਉ ॥thath bichaar yehai mathhuraa jag thaaran ko avathaar banaayo ||O Mat'huraa, consider this essential truth: to save the world, the Lord incarnated Himself.(SGGS 1409)The Mool Mantar ends with gurprasadi, meaning thereby that realization of God comes through Guru's grace. In Sikh theology Guru appears in three different but allied connotations, viz. God, the ten Sikh Gurus, and the gur-shabad or Guru's utterances as preserved in the Guru Granth Sahib. Of God's grace, Gurus' instruction and guidance and the scriptural Shabad (Sanskrit sabda, literally 'Word'), the first is the most important, because, as nothing happens without God's will or pleasure, His grace is essential to making a person inclined towards a desire and search for union with Him.God is thus depicted in three distinct aspects, viz. God in Himself, God in relation to creation, and God in relation to man. God by himself is the one Ultimate, Transcendent Reality, Nirguna (without attributes), Timeless, Boundless, Formless, Ever-existent, Immutable, Ineffable, All-by Himself and even Unknowable in His entirety. During a discourse with Hindu recluses, Guru Nanak in reply to a question as to where the Transcendent God was before the stage of creation replies, ""To think of the Transcendent Lord in that state is to enter the realm of wonder. Even at that stage of sunn, he permeated all that Void"" (SGGS, 940). This is the state of God's sunn samadhi, self-absorbed trance.When it pleases God, He becomes sarguna (Sanskrit saguna, with attributes) and manifests Himself in creation. He becomes immanent in His created universe, which is His own emanation, an aspect of Himself. As says Guru Amar Das, Nanak III, ""This (so-called) poison, the world, that you see is God's picture; it is God's outline that we see"" (SGGS, 922). Most names of God are His attributive, action-related signifiers, kirtam nam (SGGS, 1083) or karam nam (Dasam Granth, Jaap Sahib). God in the Sikh Scripture has been referred to by several names, picked from Indian and Semitic traditions. He is called in terms of human relations as father, mother, brother, relation, friend, lover, beloved, husband. Other names, expressive of His supremacy, are thakur, prabhu, svami, sah, patsah, sahib, sain (Lord, Master). Some traditional names are ram, narayan, govind, gopal, Allah, khuda. Even the negative terms such as nirankar, niranjan et al. are as much related to attributes as are the positive terms like data, datar, karta, kartar, dayal, kripal, qadir, karim, etc. Some terms peculiar to Sikhism are naam (literally name), sabad (literally word) and Vahiguru (literally Wondrous Master). While nam and sabad are mystical terms standing for the Divine manifestation and are used as substitute terms for the Supreme Being, Vahiguru is a phrase expressing awe, wonder and ecstatic joy of the worshipper as he comprehends the immenseness and grandeur of the Lord and His Creation.Immanence or All-pervasiveness of God, however, does not limit or in any way affect His transcendence. He is Transcendent and Immanent at the same time. The Creation is His lila or cosmic play. He enjoys it, pervades it, yet Himself remains unattached. Guru Arjan describes Him in several hymns as ""Unattached and Unentangled in the midst of all"" (SGGS, 102, 294, 296); and ""Amidst all, yet outside of all, free from love and hate"" (SGGS, 784-85). Creation is His manifestation, but, being conditioned by space and time, it provides only a partial and imperfect glimpse of the Timeless and Boundless Supreme Being.That God is both Transcendent and Immanent does not mean that these are two phases of God one following the other. God is One, and He is both nirguna and sarguna. ""Nirguna sargunu hari hari mera (God, my God is both with and without attributes),"" sang Guru Arjan (SGGS, 98). Guru Amar Das also had said, ""Nirguna sarguna ape soi (He Himself is with as well as without attributes)"" (SGGS, 128). Transcendence and Immanence are two aspects of the same Supreme Reality.The Creator also sustains His Creation compassionately and benevolently. ""My Lord is ever Fresh and ever Bountiful"" (SGGS, 660); ""He is the eradicator of the pain and sorrow of the humble"" (SGGS, 263-64). The universe is created, sustained and moved according to His hukam or Divine Will, and Divine purpose. ""The inscrutable hukam is the source of all forms, all creatures. . . All are within the ambit of hukam; there is nothing outside of it."" (SGGS, p. 1). Another principle that regulates the created beings is karma (actions, deeds). Simply stated, it is the law of cause and effect. The popular dictum 'As one sows so shall one reap' is stressed again and again in the Guru Granth Sahib (SGGS, 134,176, 309, 316, 366, 706, 730).The created world, though real, is not eternal. Whenever God desires, it merges back into His Timeless and Formless Self. Guru Gobind Singh calls this process of creation and dissolution udkarkh (Sanskrit utkarsana) and akarkh (Sanskrit akarsana), respectively: ""Whenever you, O Creator, cause udkarkh (increase, expansion), the creation assumes the boundless body; whenever you effect akarkh (attraction, contraction), all corporeal existence merges in you"" (Benati Chaupai). This process of creation and dissolution has been repeated God alone knows for how many times. A passage in the Sukhmani by Guru Arjan visualizes the infinite field of creation thus:Millions are the mines of life; millions the spheres;Millions are the regions above; millions the regions below;Millions are the species taking birth.By diverse means does He spread Himself.Again and again did He expand Himself thus,But He ever remains the One Ekankar.Countless creatures of various kindsCome out of Him and are absorbed back.None can know the limit of His Being;He, the Lord, O Nanak! is all in all Himself.Man, although an infinitesimal part of God's creation, yet stands apart from it insofar as it is the only species blessed with reflection, moral sense and potentiality for understanding matters metaphysical. Human birth is both a special privilege for the soul and a rare chance for the realization of union with God. Man is lord of earth, as Guru Arjan says, ""Of all the eight million and four hundred thousand species, God conferred superiority on man"" (SGGS, 1075), and ""All other species are your (man's) water-bearers; you have hegemony over this earth"" (SGGS, 374). But Guru also reminds that ""now that you (the soul) have got a human body, this is your turn to unite with God"" (SGGS, 12, 378). Guru Nanak had warned, ""Listen, listen to my advice, O my mind! only good deed shall endure, and there may not be another chance"" (SGGS, 154). So, realization of God and a reunion of atma (soul) with paramatma (Supreme Soul, God) are the ultimate goals of human life. The achievement ultimately rests on nadar (God's grace), but man has to strive in order to deserve His grace. As a first step, he should have faith in and craving for the Lord. He should believe that God is near him, rather within his self, and not far away. He is to seek Him in his self.Guru Nanak says: ""Your beloved is close to you, O foolish bride! What are you searching outside?"" (SGGS, 722), and Guru Amar Das reassures: ""Recognize yourself, O mind! You are the light manifest. Rejoice in Guru's instruction that God is always with (in) you. If you recognize your Self, you shall know the Lord and shall get the knowledge of life and death"" (SGGS, 441). The knowledge of the infinitesimal nature of his self when compared to the immenseness of God and His creation would instil humility in man and would rid him of his ego (a sense of I, my and mine) which is ""the greatest malady man suffers from"" (SGGS, 466, 589, 1258) and the arch-enemy of nam or path to God-Realization (SGGS, 560). Having surrendered his ego and having an intense desire to reach his goal (the realization of Reality), the seeker under Guru's instruction (gurmati) becomes a gurmukh or person looking guruward. He meditates upon nam or sabda, the Divine Word, while yet leading life as a householder, earning through honest labour, sharing his victuals with the needy, and performing self-abnegating deeds of service. Sikhism condemns ritualism. Worship of God consists of reciting gurbani or holy texts and meditation on nam, solitary or in sangat or congregation, kirtan or singing of scriptural hymns in praise of God, and ardas or prayer in supplication.
  • studyres.com © 2026
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report