Microbiology
... 1. Contain RNA as their genetic material 2. When infecting a host, make a DNA copy of their RNA genes 3. This DNA acts like that of a lysogenic virus and is inserted into the host DNA 4. Name means “backward virus” and comes from their genes being copied backward from RNA to DNA 5. AIDS is caused b ...
... 1. Contain RNA as their genetic material 2. When infecting a host, make a DNA copy of their RNA genes 3. This DNA acts like that of a lysogenic virus and is inserted into the host DNA 4. Name means “backward virus” and comes from their genes being copied backward from RNA to DNA 5. AIDS is caused b ...
Towards a prokaryotic genomic taxonomy
... environment seem to have been preserved after duplication, demonstrating the importance of gene duplication for biological evolution. 3.2. Horizontal gene transfer Besides gene duplication and subsequent functional divergence, prokaryotes have an alternative mechanism for genetic adaptation to their ...
... environment seem to have been preserved after duplication, demonstrating the importance of gene duplication for biological evolution. 3.2. Horizontal gene transfer Besides gene duplication and subsequent functional divergence, prokaryotes have an alternative mechanism for genetic adaptation to their ...
1 INTRODUCTION I Bacterial Morphology and Classification
... Conjugative plasmids tend to be less 30 Kb in size and encode proteins required for translocation of DNA as well as additional genes encoding antibiotic resistance proteins and toxins (ie. Enterobacteriacea). The broad host range potential of conjugative plasmids facilitates antibiotic resistance tr ...
... Conjugative plasmids tend to be less 30 Kb in size and encode proteins required for translocation of DNA as well as additional genes encoding antibiotic resistance proteins and toxins (ie. Enterobacteriacea). The broad host range potential of conjugative plasmids facilitates antibiotic resistance tr ...
Sample Test Questions
... ____23) It is important to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in diagnosing a bacteria infection because a) Gram-negative bacteria are not killed by many antibiotics b) Gram-positive bacteria never cause fatal diseases c) Gram-positive bacteria destroy antibiotics, preventi ...
... ____23) It is important to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in diagnosing a bacteria infection because a) Gram-negative bacteria are not killed by many antibiotics b) Gram-positive bacteria never cause fatal diseases c) Gram-positive bacteria destroy antibiotics, preventi ...
DNA gyrase inhibitors Quinolones
... mutations in bacterial DNA gyrase & Topoisomerase IV 2)Decreased accumulation: reduced intracellular concentration of the drugs by: decreased number of porin proteins in the outer membrane of the bacterial cell. other mechanism is associated an energy-dependent efflux system in cell membrane. ...
... mutations in bacterial DNA gyrase & Topoisomerase IV 2)Decreased accumulation: reduced intracellular concentration of the drugs by: decreased number of porin proteins in the outer membrane of the bacterial cell. other mechanism is associated an energy-dependent efflux system in cell membrane. ...
Bacterial Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
... if lysogenic, circular DNA inserts into host chromosome = prophage remains dormant, replicating along with host λ repressor proteins bind to operators repressing transcription of λ genes prophage can be induced to excising → induction to lytic cycle can be the result of: a spontaneous ev ...
... if lysogenic, circular DNA inserts into host chromosome = prophage remains dormant, replicating along with host λ repressor proteins bind to operators repressing transcription of λ genes prophage can be induced to excising → induction to lytic cycle can be the result of: a spontaneous ev ...
Antimicrobials 2: - Trinity College, Dublin
... Plasmid-borne resistance • Plasmid is a mobile replicating DNA circle not attached to the chromosome • May carry resistance genes • Transfer by conjugation • May move between strains and species • Faster than chromosomal selection • Selective pressure not vital • Most clinically important mechanism ...
... Plasmid-borne resistance • Plasmid is a mobile replicating DNA circle not attached to the chromosome • May carry resistance genes • Transfer by conjugation • May move between strains and species • Faster than chromosomal selection • Selective pressure not vital • Most clinically important mechanism ...
pages 471–477
... TEKS FOCUS: 4D Role of bacteria in maintaining health; 8C Characteristics of kingdoms— archaebacteria and eubacteria 11D Role of microorganisms in maintaining equilibrium ...
... TEKS FOCUS: 4D Role of bacteria in maintaining health; 8C Characteristics of kingdoms— archaebacteria and eubacteria 11D Role of microorganisms in maintaining equilibrium ...
Bacterial Classification, Anatomy, Nutrition, Growth, Metabolism and
... Main portion of DNA, along with associated proteins and RNA Prokaryotic cells are haploid (single chromosome copy) Typical chromosome is circular molecule of DNA in nucleoid ...
... Main portion of DNA, along with associated proteins and RNA Prokaryotic cells are haploid (single chromosome copy) Typical chromosome is circular molecule of DNA in nucleoid ...
Bacterial Vectors for RNAi Delivery
... manner. This phenomenon had been observed in plants in the 1990s1,2 and its mechanism was elucidated in animals in 1998 by Drs Fire and Mello, 3 who published their findings on RNA induced silencing in the nematode worm C. Elegans, work for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or M ...
... manner. This phenomenon had been observed in plants in the 1990s1,2 and its mechanism was elucidated in animals in 1998 by Drs Fire and Mello, 3 who published their findings on RNA induced silencing in the nematode worm C. Elegans, work for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or M ...
Species
... • Cladistics: group organisms by common descent – Clade: group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants – A valid clade is monophyletic, signifying that it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants – A paraphyletic grouping consists of an ancestral species ...
... • Cladistics: group organisms by common descent – Clade: group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants – A valid clade is monophyletic, signifying that it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants – A paraphyletic grouping consists of an ancestral species ...
Anatomy and Physiology BIO 137
... Inhibit the growth of many Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. They are structurally similar to paraminobenzoic acid (PABA), a substrate in the pathway for folic acid biosynthesis. Because of this similarity, the enzyme that normally binds with PABA preferentially binds with the sulfonamide dr ...
... Inhibit the growth of many Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. They are structurally similar to paraminobenzoic acid (PABA), a substrate in the pathway for folic acid biosynthesis. Because of this similarity, the enzyme that normally binds with PABA preferentially binds with the sulfonamide dr ...
The evolution of base composition and phylogenetic inference
... such that the rates of change from G·C « A·T are not conAt the level of the entire genome, GC content varies greatly stant in time or space11; and natural selection, either on within and among major groups of organisms. Surprisingly, overall GC content4,7,12 or on specific patterns of codon the best ...
... such that the rates of change from G·C « A·T are not conAt the level of the entire genome, GC content varies greatly stant in time or space11; and natural selection, either on within and among major groups of organisms. Surprisingly, overall GC content4,7,12 or on specific patterns of codon the best ...
Powerpoint - Lighthouse Christian Academy
... 1. Many viruses evolve so quickly that they become resistant to antibiotics. 2. Viral infections always directly attack the immune system. 3. Viruses evolve quickly and develop resistance to antiviral drugs. 4. Viruses evolve so quickly that viral DNA switches to RNA. ...
... 1. Many viruses evolve so quickly that they become resistant to antibiotics. 2. Viral infections always directly attack the immune system. 3. Viruses evolve quickly and develop resistance to antiviral drugs. 4. Viruses evolve so quickly that viral DNA switches to RNA. ...
What is a Microbe?
... every case of the disease. 2-The agent must be isolated and cultured in vitro. 3-The disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the agent is inoculated into a susceptible host. 4-The agent must be recoverable from the experimentally-infected host ...
... every case of the disease. 2-The agent must be isolated and cultured in vitro. 3-The disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the agent is inoculated into a susceptible host. 4-The agent must be recoverable from the experimentally-infected host ...
Chapter 23 Bacteria Guided Reading
... 2. What are the 2 domains of prokaryotes? Why are bacteria classified in one group or the other? ...
... 2. What are the 2 domains of prokaryotes? Why are bacteria classified in one group or the other? ...
PROKARTOTES
... material is transferred between prokaryotic cells • In bacteria, the DNA transfer is one way • A donor cell attaches to a recipient by a pilus, pulls it closer, and transfers DNA • A piece of DNA called the F factor is required for the production of pili ...
... material is transferred between prokaryotic cells • In bacteria, the DNA transfer is one way • A donor cell attaches to a recipient by a pilus, pulls it closer, and transfers DNA • A piece of DNA called the F factor is required for the production of pili ...
Introduction to microbial world
... Microbial genetics is the study of inheritance in microorganisms. Throughout the 20th century, researchers working with microbes made significant advances in our understanding of how genes work. For example, they established that a gene’s activity is related to the function of the specific protein c ...
... Microbial genetics is the study of inheritance in microorganisms. Throughout the 20th century, researchers working with microbes made significant advances in our understanding of how genes work. For example, they established that a gene’s activity is related to the function of the specific protein c ...
inhibition of bacterial growth with antibiotics professor tj foster
... and distorts codon-anticodon recognition causing faulty proteins to be made (messenger misreading). Resistance has developed very rapidly to all antibiotics used in medical practice. Resistance to penicillin is mediated by an enzyme that destroys the drug. Tetracycline resistance is caused by a memb ...
... and distorts codon-anticodon recognition causing faulty proteins to be made (messenger misreading). Resistance has developed very rapidly to all antibiotics used in medical practice. Resistance to penicillin is mediated by an enzyme that destroys the drug. Tetracycline resistance is caused by a memb ...
Genome Sequencing and Informatics: New Tools
... revolution in the biological sciences resulting from a tremendous flux of information generated by genomesequencing efforts. Our understanding of microorganisms, the metabolic processes they catalyze, the genetic apparatuses encoding cellular proteinaceous constituents, and the pathological conditio ...
... revolution in the biological sciences resulting from a tremendous flux of information generated by genomesequencing efforts. Our understanding of microorganisms, the metabolic processes they catalyze, the genetic apparatuses encoding cellular proteinaceous constituents, and the pathological conditio ...
Ch 27 Lecture
... because they are not secreted but are part of the cell itself. a. The endotoxin-producing bacteria in the genus Salmonella are not normally present in healthy animals. b. Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever. c. Other Salmonella species, including some that are common in poultry, cause food poisoni ...
... because they are not secreted but are part of the cell itself. a. The endotoxin-producing bacteria in the genus Salmonella are not normally present in healthy animals. b. Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever. c. Other Salmonella species, including some that are common in poultry, cause food poisoni ...
Document
... Transformation • DNA from dead bacteria is taken in by living bacteria • Living bacteria may take on traits of the dead ones • Major experiment done by Frederick Griffith (1928) ...
... Transformation • DNA from dead bacteria is taken in by living bacteria • Living bacteria may take on traits of the dead ones • Major experiment done by Frederick Griffith (1928) ...
Prokaryotes represent a broad group of organisms that for many
... kingdoms system as Monerans. The five-kingdom system, proposed in 1968, has become a popular standard and with some refinement is still used in many works, or forms the basis for newer multi-kingdom systems. The Monerans include all of the prokaryotic cells and reflects collectively close to 4 billi ...
... kingdoms system as Monerans. The five-kingdom system, proposed in 1968, has become a popular standard and with some refinement is still used in many works, or forms the basis for newer multi-kingdom systems. The Monerans include all of the prokaryotic cells and reflects collectively close to 4 billi ...
BIO119 - Copy
... grown to nearly 2X its size, it then replicates its DNA and divides into 2 daughter cells. It does not require the exchange of genetic information, it is an ______ form of reproduction. ...
... grown to nearly 2X its size, it then replicates its DNA and divides into 2 daughter cells. It does not require the exchange of genetic information, it is an ______ form of reproduction. ...
Horizontal gene transfer
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) refers to the transfer of genes between organisms in a manner other than traditional reproduction. Also termed lateral gene transfer (LGT), it contrasts with vertical transfer, the transmission of genes from the parental generation to offspring via sexual or asexual reproduction. HGT has been shown to be an important factor in the evolution of many organisms.Horizontal gene transfer is the primary reason for bacterial antibiotic resistance, and plays an important role in the evolution of bacteria that can degrade novel compounds such as human-created pesticides and in the evolution, maintenance, and transmission of virulence. This horizontal gene transfer often involves temperate bacteriophages and plasmids. Genes that are responsible for antibiotic resistance in one species of bacteria can be transferred to another species of bacteria through various mechanisms (e.g., via F-pilus), subsequently arming the antibiotic resistant genes' recipient against antibiotics, which is becoming a medical challenge to deal with.Most thinking in genetics has focused upon vertical transfer, but there is a growing awareness that horizontal gene transfer is a highly significant phenomenon and among single-celled organisms perhaps the dominant form of genetic transfer.Artificial horizontal gene transfer is a form of genetic engineering.