• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
A block of mesa 4 kilograms, which has an initial speed of 6 meters
A block of mesa 4 kilograms, which has an initial speed of 6 meters

... An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of magnitude V between infinite parallel plates P1 and P2. The electron then passes into a region of uniform magnetic field strength B which exists everywhere to the right of plate P2. The magnetic field is directed into the page. a ...
Transversal Waves
Transversal Waves

... wave on a surface of water or along a string is transversal, and why sound waves are longitudinal. But why is electromagnetic radiation transversal? In other words, why does, for instance, visible light move up and down between two extremes while moving? Why does it reverse direction at the high and ...
1.  Assume a plane wave in vacuum for which... and the amplitude of the electric field is E 
1. Assume a plane wave in vacuum for which... and the amplitude of the electric field is E 

... electric field between the plates is not constant but increasing in this case linearly with time. The time varying electric field will have a magnetic field associated with it because of Maxwell extension to Ampere’s law. And now the math: I need to decide about an Amperian loop, and I choose a circ ...
CMock exam IV paper 2
CMock exam IV paper 2

Ch 17: Electric Potential Study Guide
Ch 17: Electric Potential Study Guide

... 19. A 2.2 µF capacitor first is charged so that the electric potential differences is 6.0 V. How much additional charge is needed to increase the electric potential difference to 15.0 V? ...
Broken Symmetries
Broken Symmetries

... transformations vary from point to point in space-time, was introduced by Hermann Weyl. In 1918 he discussed such a notion in the context of gravity and in 1929 [16] he realized that electromagnetism can be understood as a realization of such a gauge invariance. By letting the theory be invariant un ...
1 Angular momentum and magnetic moment
1 Angular momentum and magnetic moment

... equation for the average magnetic field over a magnetic circulation loop of radius R that circles the trajectory of the electron. Assume that the field at the nucleus is somewhat greater than this average value. (Pick a number.) (b) The radius of the hydrogen atom in an excited state is of order 10 ...
PracticeQuiz F&E
PracticeQuiz F&E

... 1. Two charged objects, q1 and q2, are fixed at the locations given below: q1: -3 x 10-5 C located at y = 3 meters q2: +6 x 10-5 C located at y = 0 meters Draw a diagram of the situation in the box. Include the charges and the coordinate axes. a) Draw a vector representing the Force on q1 by q2 and ...
Energy in an electromagnetic wave
Energy in an electromagnetic wave

The Quantum Theory of the Electron
The Quantum Theory of the Electron

... for the electron has been fitted into the new mechanics by Pauli,* and Darwin,t working with an equivalent theory, has shown that it gives results in agreement with experiment for hydrogen-like spectra to the first order of accuracy. The question remains as to why Nature should have chosen this part ...
PART1 - FacStaff Home Page for CBU
PART1 - FacStaff Home Page for CBU

CHAPTER 2. LAGRANGIAN QUANTUM FIELD THEORY §2.1
CHAPTER 2. LAGRANGIAN QUANTUM FIELD THEORY §2.1

orbital quantum number
orbital quantum number

... Note how Table 6.1 is set up. For n=1, the only allowed possibilities are ℓ=mℓ=0. For this case, Beiser lists the three solutions R, , and . For n=2, ℓ can be either 0 or 1. If ℓ=0 then mℓ=0. If ℓ=1 then mℓ=0 and mℓ=1 are allowed. The solutions for mℓ=1 are the same. Beiser tabulates the three ...
Test Booklet 5 - Models of the Atom: Project Physics
Test Booklet 5 - Models of the Atom: Project Physics

... ALL multiple-choice questions by marking the letter corresAnswer THREE of the problem-and-essay questions from Group One and ONE from Group Two. Spend about 15 minutes on the multiple-choice questions, 5 minutes on each of the problem-and-essay questions from Group One and 10 minutes on the problem- ...
Tricking the Uncertainty Principle?
Tricking the Uncertainty Principle?

... scatter at the same time, and the random pattern of scattering creates quantum fluctuations"—that is, noise. "If you shine more light, you have increased sensitivity, but you also have more noise. Here we were looking for a way to beat the uncertainty principle—to increase sensitivity but not noise. ...
January 2004
January 2004

... x < 0, while for x > 0 it is uniform, B = B0 ẑ. A spherical ball with radius R, total mass M and total charge Q approaches the plane x = 0 from the left and enters the magnetic field region x > 0 with center of mass velocity v in the x-direction. In addition, the ball rotates with angular velocity ...
Fermions coupled to gauge fields .1in with cond
Fermions coupled to gauge fields .1in with cond

... of a large system (o(N 2 )). (More on this in a moment.) 2. Too much universality! If this charged black hole is inevitable, how do we see the myriad possible dual states of matter (e.g. superconductivity...)? 3. The charged black hole violates the 3rd Law of Thermodynamics (Nernst’s version): S(T = ...
May 1999
May 1999

... At low temperature T what are the total energy and heat capacity, per unit volume, of these surface waves? Your answer may involve a constant defined by a dimensionless integral. You need not compute its value (denote it I). However, you should explain why, and under what conditions, it is OK to set ...
Nuclear and Radiation Section - University of Toronto Physics
Nuclear and Radiation Section - University of Toronto Physics

The Quantum Hall Effect
The Quantum Hall Effect

Advanced Higher Physics learning outcomes
Advanced Higher Physics learning outcomes

Quantum Field Theory for Many Body Systems: 2016
Quantum Field Theory for Many Body Systems: 2016

... energy physics which breaks down matter into its constituent parts and tries to understand their interactions in terms of ‘fundamental’ laws. However, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. In Anderson’s words, The ability to reduce everything to simple fundamental laws does not imply the a ...
Filament - Department of Physics | Illinois State University
Filament - Department of Physics | Illinois State University

... catastrophe, photoelectric effect, and existence of atomic spectra, suggested that the classical theories of the day were incomplete or deficient. In 1897 J. J. Thompson showed that the charge to mass ratio of an electron was a constant, establishing the electron as a fundamental particle. More deta ...
Electrical Potential Review
Electrical Potential Review

magnetic dipole.
magnetic dipole.

< 1 ... 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 ... 338 >

Introduction to gauge theory

A gauge theory is a type of theory in physics. Modern theories describe physical forces in terms of fields, e.g., the electromagnetic field, the gravitational field, and fields that describe forces between the elementary particles. A general feature of these field theories is that the fundamental fields cannot be directly measured; however, some associated quantities can be measured, such as charges, energies, and velocities. In field theories, different configurations of the unobservable fields can result in identical observable quantities. A transformation from one such field configuration to another is called a gauge transformation; the lack of change in the measurable quantities, despite the field being transformed, is a property called gauge invariance. Since any kind of invariance under a field transformation is considered a symmetry, gauge invariance is sometimes called gauge symmetry. Generally, any theory that has the property of gauge invariance is considered a gauge theory. For example, in electromagnetism the electric and magnetic fields, E and B, are observable, while the potentials V (""voltage"") and A (the vector potential) are not. Under a gauge transformation in which a constant is added to V, no observable change occurs in E or B.With the advent of quantum mechanics in the 1920s, and with successive advances in quantum field theory, the importance of gauge transformations has steadily grown. Gauge theories constrain the laws of physics, because all the changes induced by a gauge transformation have to cancel each other out when written in terms of observable quantities. Over the course of the 20th century, physicists gradually realized that all forces (fundamental interactions) arise from the constraints imposed by local gauge symmetries, in which case the transformations vary from point to point in space and time. Perturbative quantum field theory (usually employed for scattering theory) describes forces in terms of force-mediating particles called gauge bosons. The nature of these particles is determined by the nature of the gauge transformations. The culmination of these efforts is the Standard Model, a quantum field theory that accurately predicts all of the fundamental interactions except gravity.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report