The Neural Basis of Human Error Processing: Reinforcement
... learning signals to the basal ganglia and frontal cortex, where they are used to facilitate the development of adaptive motor programs. Although the reinforcement learning function attributed to the mesencephalic dopamine system and the error-processing function associated with the ERN appear to be ...
... learning signals to the basal ganglia and frontal cortex, where they are used to facilitate the development of adaptive motor programs. Although the reinforcement learning function attributed to the mesencephalic dopamine system and the error-processing function associated with the ERN appear to be ...
Paying attention to consciousness - What is Neuro
... How to incorporate that is the ‘hard problem’ of consciousness (Chalmers, 1996) and also discussed perceptively more recently (Noe and Thompson, 2003). Thus, before we can hope to be able to tackle the hard problem, we must develop a suitably detailed and powerful neural model of attention. Only the ...
... How to incorporate that is the ‘hard problem’ of consciousness (Chalmers, 1996) and also discussed perceptively more recently (Noe and Thompson, 2003). Thus, before we can hope to be able to tackle the hard problem, we must develop a suitably detailed and powerful neural model of attention. Only the ...
Topographic Maps in Human Frontal Cortex Revealed in Memory
... For the memory-guided saccade and spatial working-memory tasks, first the linear trend in the fMRI time series was subtracted for each voxel, and the time series was transformed into percent signal modulation by dividing it by its mean intensity. A mean time series for each voxel was calculated from ...
... For the memory-guided saccade and spatial working-memory tasks, first the linear trend in the fMRI time series was subtracted for each voxel, and the time series was transformed into percent signal modulation by dividing it by its mean intensity. A mean time series for each voxel was calculated from ...
Anatomical organization of the eye fields in the human and non
... 1890). Finally, the human homolog of the monkey CEF is not known. Because of the lack of studies examining the human CEF, it cannot be excluded that the region of increased activity on the medial surface of the frontal lobe that Grosbras et al. (1999) reported in relation to oculomotor performance m ...
... 1890). Finally, the human homolog of the monkey CEF is not known. Because of the lack of studies examining the human CEF, it cannot be excluded that the region of increased activity on the medial surface of the frontal lobe that Grosbras et al. (1999) reported in relation to oculomotor performance m ...
Sample
... 2-33. Which activity involves activation of the parasympathetic system? a) picking up a ball b) studying for a final exam c) resting after a stressful drive home d) getting “psyched up” to play an important tennis match ANS: c, p. 46, C/A, Difficulty=2 2-34. Homeostasis refers to a) a balanced state ...
... 2-33. Which activity involves activation of the parasympathetic system? a) picking up a ball b) studying for a final exam c) resting after a stressful drive home d) getting “psyched up” to play an important tennis match ANS: c, p. 46, C/A, Difficulty=2 2-34. Homeostasis refers to a) a balanced state ...
Hemispheric asymmetries of cortical volume in the human brain
... structural asymmetries have also been described and subsequently confirmed, notably “Yakovlevian torque” (Yakovlev, 1972; Yakovlev and Rakic, 1966; Watkins et al., 2001; Narr et al., 2007) characterized by the right frontal and left occipital protrusions, whose possible relationship to any functiona ...
... structural asymmetries have also been described and subsequently confirmed, notably “Yakovlevian torque” (Yakovlev, 1972; Yakovlev and Rakic, 1966; Watkins et al., 2001; Narr et al., 2007) characterized by the right frontal and left occipital protrusions, whose possible relationship to any functiona ...
Lateral prefrontal cortex: architectonic and functional organization
... of some of the areas he identified in the monkey with those of the human brain raise several questions. For instance, in the mid-lateral prefrontal cortex of the monkey, Walker identified a large granular region as area 46, abutting posteriorly onto area 8 (see figure 1b). Yet, in all maps of the hu ...
... of some of the areas he identified in the monkey with those of the human brain raise several questions. For instance, in the mid-lateral prefrontal cortex of the monkey, Walker identified a large granular region as area 46, abutting posteriorly onto area 8 (see figure 1b). Yet, in all maps of the hu ...
PDF of article - Janelia Research Campus
... The Drosophila brain is formed by an invariant set of lineages, each of which is derived from a unique neural stem cell (neuroblast) and forms a genetic and structural unit of the brain. The task of reconstructing brain circuitry at the level of individual neurons can be made significantly easier by ...
... The Drosophila brain is formed by an invariant set of lineages, each of which is derived from a unique neural stem cell (neuroblast) and forms a genetic and structural unit of the brain. The task of reconstructing brain circuitry at the level of individual neurons can be made significantly easier by ...
Evolutionarily conserved prefrontal-amygdalar dysfunction in early
... polysynaptically connected brain regions.19 This structural backbone encompasses a number of cortical regions that are especially well developed in primates, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula and prefrontal cortex (PFC).21–23 Although it widely believed that the synchronized flow ...
... polysynaptically connected brain regions.19 This structural backbone encompasses a number of cortical regions that are especially well developed in primates, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula and prefrontal cortex (PFC).21–23 Although it widely believed that the synchronized flow ...
PDE5 Exists in Human Neurons and is a Viable Therapeutic Target
... careful analysis of the above human studies reveals that some may not have detected PDE5 mRNA for methodologic reasons. For example, in the study that did not find detectable PDE5 transcripts in human brain, a rodent sequence was used to detect human PDE5 mRNA [16]. To answer this question definitiv ...
... careful analysis of the above human studies reveals that some may not have detected PDE5 mRNA for methodologic reasons. For example, in the study that did not find detectable PDE5 transcripts in human brain, a rodent sequence was used to detect human PDE5 mRNA [16]. To answer this question definitiv ...
Rewardcircuit - URMC - University of Rochester
... and a massive dopaminergic input from the midbrain. The VS projects to the ventral pallidum (VP) and to the VTA/SN, which, in turn, project back to the prefrontal cortex, via the medial dorsal (MD) nucleus of the thalamus. This circuit is an integral part of the cortico-basal ganglia system. In addi ...
... and a massive dopaminergic input from the midbrain. The VS projects to the ventral pallidum (VP) and to the VTA/SN, which, in turn, project back to the prefrontal cortex, via the medial dorsal (MD) nucleus of the thalamus. This circuit is an integral part of the cortico-basal ganglia system. In addi ...
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... number of stimulus-driven goal-directed cognitive tasks [29,30,37,49,50]. Building on an earlier meta-analysis [9], Shulman and colleagues showed that a node proximal to the DMN (i.e., the right temporo-parietal junction, TPJ) was suppressed during correct performance of a demanding visual search ta ...
... number of stimulus-driven goal-directed cognitive tasks [29,30,37,49,50]. Building on an earlier meta-analysis [9], Shulman and colleagues showed that a node proximal to the DMN (i.e., the right temporo-parietal junction, TPJ) was suppressed during correct performance of a demanding visual search ta ...
cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses
... H Takeuchi1, Y Taki1,2,3, H Hashizume4, K Asano5, M Asano6, Y Sassa1, S Yokota1, Y Kotozaki7, R Nouchi8 and R Kawashima2,9,10 Videogame play (VGP) has been associated with numerous preferred and non-preferred effects. However, the effects of VGP on the development of microstructural properties in ch ...
... H Takeuchi1, Y Taki1,2,3, H Hashizume4, K Asano5, M Asano6, Y Sassa1, S Yokota1, Y Kotozaki7, R Nouchi8 and R Kawashima2,9,10 Videogame play (VGP) has been associated with numerous preferred and non-preferred effects. However, the effects of VGP on the development of microstructural properties in ch ...
Mirror neurons in humans: Consisting or confounding
... the note in Table 1). In one of these studies, Rizzolatti, Fadiga, Matelli et al. (1996b) used PET to localize brain regions active during both the observation and the execution of grasping movements. Human subjects were tested under three conditions: in the first condition they observed grasping mov ...
... the note in Table 1). In one of these studies, Rizzolatti, Fadiga, Matelli et al. (1996b) used PET to localize brain regions active during both the observation and the execution of grasping movements. Human subjects were tested under three conditions: in the first condition they observed grasping mov ...
FREE Sample Here - Find the cheapest test bank for your
... Terminal buttons are found at the end of axons. ANS: c TOP: MOD: 2.1 REF: Neurons: The Body’s Wiring MSC: factual OBJ: 1-Identify parts of neuron, describe functions of these parts and explain how neurons communicate. KEY: Evaluate/Explain NOT: WWW 14. Regarding the nervous system, which of the foll ...
... Terminal buttons are found at the end of axons. ANS: c TOP: MOD: 2.1 REF: Neurons: The Body’s Wiring MSC: factual OBJ: 1-Identify parts of neuron, describe functions of these parts and explain how neurons communicate. KEY: Evaluate/Explain NOT: WWW 14. Regarding the nervous system, which of the foll ...
The neurobiology of Meditation and its clinical effectiveness in
... left frontal regions. This is in line with the evidence for a role of the left frontal lobe in positive emotions whereas the right prefrontal lobe plays a greater role in negative ones (Canli et al., 1998). The intensity of mental activity correlated negatively with theta activity over frontal and m ...
... left frontal regions. This is in line with the evidence for a role of the left frontal lobe in positive emotions whereas the right prefrontal lobe plays a greater role in negative ones (Canli et al., 1998). The intensity of mental activity correlated negatively with theta activity over frontal and m ...
Developmental structure in brain evolution
... tices, for example, implicating that structure in an unsuspected function. On the first pass, this type of analysis proved disappointing. (Though researchers might have been more impressed with the correlational structure of the data that they uncovered – for example, in the way Hofman [1989] noted ...
... tices, for example, implicating that structure in an unsuspected function. On the first pass, this type of analysis proved disappointing. (Though researchers might have been more impressed with the correlational structure of the data that they uncovered – for example, in the way Hofman [1989] noted ...
an integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function
... them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional evaluation, etc. The aggregate effect of these bias signals is to guide ...
... them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional evaluation, etc. The aggregate effect of these bias signals is to guide ...
Traditional Posters: Neuroimaging
... United Kingdom; 2Academic Radiology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom; 3School of Community Healthy Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire Metabolic profiles in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) have been found to be altered due to hea ...
... United Kingdom; 2Academic Radiology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom; 3School of Community Healthy Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire Metabolic profiles in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) have been found to be altered due to hea ...
Probabilistic Anatomic Mapping of Cerebral Blood Flow Distribution
... distribution of the MCA, which might have a crucial role in the assessment of cerebrovascular diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients Twenty-nine patients (mean age 6 SD, 54.6 6 6.1 y) who received stent placement previously for MCA stenosis (right MCA stenosis, 15 patients; left MCA stenosis, 14 p ...
... distribution of the MCA, which might have a crucial role in the assessment of cerebrovascular diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients Twenty-nine patients (mean age 6 SD, 54.6 6 6.1 y) who received stent placement previously for MCA stenosis (right MCA stenosis, 15 patients; left MCA stenosis, 14 p ...
donepezil dose-dependently inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity in
... Abstract—In the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderately severe dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease, donepezil (E2020) has been introduced for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the human brain. However, there is no morphological evidence as to how this chemical agent aff ...
... Abstract—In the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderately severe dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease, donepezil (E2020) has been introduced for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the human brain. However, there is no morphological evidence as to how this chemical agent aff ...
Mapping Pavlovian Conditioning Effects on the Brain: Blocking
... three types of theories emphasize either CS, US or CR behavioral mechanisms, their implications can be considered in light of functional neural data. For example, differences in neural modification of CS pathways by excitor and blocked CSs would provide support for CS inattention interpretations of ...
... three types of theories emphasize either CS, US or CR behavioral mechanisms, their implications can be considered in light of functional neural data. For example, differences in neural modification of CS pathways by excitor and blocked CSs would provide support for CS inattention interpretations of ...
Shamanism in Cross-Cultural Perspective
... characterizing Siberia as “the heartland of true shamanism” (p. 59). However, the idea that the word must be restricted to the cultural region of its origin makes little sense. Just as terms such as taboo, mana, and kula ring have been borrowed by anthropologists and extended outside of their cultur ...
... characterizing Siberia as “the heartland of true shamanism” (p. 59). However, the idea that the word must be restricted to the cultural region of its origin makes little sense. Just as terms such as taboo, mana, and kula ring have been borrowed by anthropologists and extended outside of their cultur ...
a full bladder is sometimes a boon
... Self-control refers to the capacity to alter one’s own responses, in order to bring them in line with standards, and to support the pursuit of long-term goals (Baumeister, Vohs, & Tice, 2007). It enables a person to restrain or override one response, thereby making a different response possible. Res ...
... Self-control refers to the capacity to alter one’s own responses, in order to bring them in line with standards, and to support the pursuit of long-term goals (Baumeister, Vohs, & Tice, 2007). It enables a person to restrain or override one response, thereby making a different response possible. Res ...