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2.5 The Completeness Axiom in R
2.5 The Completeness Axiom in R

... is a list of numbers that are steadily approaching π. All of these numbers are less than π; they are increasing and they are approaching π. We say that this sequence converges to π and we will investigate the concept of convergent sequences in Chapter 3. 3. We haven’t looked yet at the question of h ...
Set Theory
Set Theory

... Definition 28 Let U = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } be the universe and A be some set in this universe. Then we can represent A by a sequence of bits (0s and 1s) of length n in which the i-th bit is 1 if xi ∈ A and 0 otherwise. We call this string the characteristic vector of A. EXAMPLE ! If U = {x1 , x2 ...
1.4 Multiplication of Rational Numbers
1.4 Multiplication of Rational Numbers

Numeracy Overview Year 4 - St Marys Primary School, Killyclogher
Numeracy Overview Year 4 - St Marys Primary School, Killyclogher

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...  If an expression has “unlike terms,” they cannot be combined together.  The sign in front of the term must stay attached to that term.  Numbers (constants) are considered to be like terms. FACTOR – the “pieces” (number or variables) that are being multiplied together in a multiplication ...
Unit 4: Complex Numbers
Unit 4: Complex Numbers

... To mathematicians, the idea that “you can’t do that” signals a great new challenge. In many instances we can be faced with a problem such as; x2 = -16. The solution to this equation; x = 16 would be simple except for the fact that one can not find the square root of a negative number. This is clear ...
Primes and Factoring Dr. Molli Jones, PA3
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Fermat`s Last Theorem - UCLA Department of Mathematics

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... The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic (sometimes called the Prime Factorization Theorem) states that every composite number can be expressed as a unique product of prime numbers. EXAMPLES:15 = (3)(5), where 15 is composite and both 3 and 5 are prime; 72 = (2)(2)(2)(3)(3), where 72 is composite and b ...
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what are multiples and factors of a given
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... and 7. Answer: The LCM of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 is 420. Hence 420, and every multiple of 420, is divisible by each of these numbers. Hence, the number 420, 840, 1260, and 1680 are all divisible by each of these numbers. We can see that 1680 is the highest number less than 1800 which is multiple of 420 ...
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Infinitesimal

In mathematics, infinitesimals are things so small that there is no way to measure them. The insight with exploiting infinitesimals was that entities could still retain certain specific properties, such as angle or slope, even though these entities were quantitatively small. The word infinitesimal comes from a 17th-century Modern Latin coinage infinitesimus, which originally referred to the ""infinite-th"" item in a sequence. It was originally introduced around 1670 by either Nicolaus Mercator or Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Infinitesimals are a basic ingredient in the procedures of infinitesimal calculus as developed by Leibniz, including the law of continuity and the transcendental law of homogeneity. In common speech, an infinitesimal object is an object which is smaller than any feasible measurement, but not zero in size; or, so small that it cannot be distinguished from zero by any available means. Hence, when used as an adjective, ""infinitesimal"" means ""extremely small"". In order to give it a meaning it usually has to be compared to another infinitesimal object in the same context (as in a derivative). Infinitely many infinitesimals are summed to produce an integral.Archimedes used what eventually came to be known as the method of indivisibles in his work The Method of Mechanical Theorems to find areas of regions and volumes of solids. In his formal published treatises, Archimedes solved the same problem using the method of exhaustion. The 15th century saw the work of Nicholas of Cusa, further developed in the 17th century by Johannes Kepler, in particular calculation of area of a circle by representing the latter as an infinite-sided polygon. Simon Stevin's work on decimal representation of all numbers in the 16th century prepared the ground for the real continuum. Bonaventura Cavalieri's method of indivisibles led to an extension of the results of the classical authors. The method of indivisibles related to geometrical figures as being composed of entities of codimension 1. John Wallis's infinitesimals differed from indivisibles in that he would decompose geometrical figures into infinitely thin building blocks of the same dimension as the figure, preparing the ground for general methods of the integral calculus. He exploited an infinitesimal denoted 1/∞ in area calculations.The use of infinitesimals by Leibniz relied upon heuristic principles, such as the law of continuity: what succeeds for the finite numbers succeeds also for the infinite numbers and vice versa; and the transcendental law of homogeneity that specifies procedures for replacing expressions involving inassignable quantities, by expressions involving only assignable ones. The 18th century saw routine use of infinitesimals by mathematicians such as Leonhard Euler and Joseph-Louis Lagrange. Augustin-Louis Cauchy exploited infinitesimals both in defining continuity in his Cours d'Analyse, and in defining an early form of a Dirac delta function. As Cantor and Dedekind were developing more abstract versions of Stevin's continuum, Paul du Bois-Reymond wrote a series of papers on infinitesimal-enriched continua based on growth rates of functions. Du Bois-Reymond's work inspired both Émile Borel and Thoralf Skolem. Borel explicitly linked du Bois-Reymond's work to Cauchy's work on rates of growth of infinitesimals. Skolem developed the first non-standard models of arithmetic in 1934. A mathematical implementation of both the law of continuity and infinitesimals was achieved by Abraham Robinson in 1961, who developed non-standard analysis based on earlier work by Edwin Hewitt in 1948 and Jerzy Łoś in 1955. The hyperreals implement an infinitesimal-enriched continuum and the transfer principle implements Leibniz's law of continuity. The standard part function implements Fermat's adequality.Vladimir Arnold wrote in 1990:Nowadays, when teaching analysis, it is not very popular to talk about infinitesimal quantities. Consequently present-day students are not fully in command of this language. Nevertheless, it is still necessary to have command of it.↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
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