What have we learned?
... The fastest-moving solar storm ever. It splashed over us at nearly 6 million mph. The hottest storm ever. It was tens of millions of degrees as it doused Earth. power outages in Sweden disturbed airplane routes around the world, and damaged 28 satellites, ending the service life of two. ...
... The fastest-moving solar storm ever. It splashed over us at nearly 6 million mph. The hottest storm ever. It was tens of millions of degrees as it doused Earth. power outages in Sweden disturbed airplane routes around the world, and damaged 28 satellites, ending the service life of two. ...
Exercise Solutions
... first excited state. The Ca H and K lines are produced by singly-ionized Ca in the ground state. Thus, we must compare the number of neutral hydrogens with electrons in the first excited state to the number of CaC ions in their ground state. In 2.1.1 we estimated that in the solar surface H C =H ' ...
... first excited state. The Ca H and K lines are produced by singly-ionized Ca in the ground state. Thus, we must compare the number of neutral hydrogens with electrons in the first excited state to the number of CaC ions in their ground state. In 2.1.1 we estimated that in the solar surface H C =H ' ...
Notes and Equations - University of Iowa Astrophysics
... Second, Mars and Titan look above the three lines of common gases by about the same amount. This would seem to indicate that they should have similarly dense atmospheres. However, in reality Mars has a very tenuous atmosphere, while Titan (as we will learn) has a very dense one. What is causing this ...
... Second, Mars and Titan look above the three lines of common gases by about the same amount. This would seem to indicate that they should have similarly dense atmospheres. However, in reality Mars has a very tenuous atmosphere, while Titan (as we will learn) has a very dense one. What is causing this ...
ph507-16-6sun
... From its angular size of about 0.5° and its distance of almost 150 million kilometres, we determine that its diameter is 1,392,000 kilometres (109 Earth diameters and almost 10 times the size of the largest planet, Jupiter). All of the planets orbit the Sun because of its enormous gravity. It ha ...
... From its angular size of about 0.5° and its distance of almost 150 million kilometres, we determine that its diameter is 1,392,000 kilometres (109 Earth diameters and almost 10 times the size of the largest planet, Jupiter). All of the planets orbit the Sun because of its enormous gravity. It ha ...
The Sun: A Model Star
... • From its angular size of about 0.5° and its distance of almost 150 million kilometres, we determine that its diameter is 1,392,000 kilometres (109 Earth diameters and almost 10 times the size of the largest planet, Jupiter). • All of the planets orbit the Sun because of its enormous gravity. It ha ...
... • From its angular size of about 0.5° and its distance of almost 150 million kilometres, we determine that its diameter is 1,392,000 kilometres (109 Earth diameters and almost 10 times the size of the largest planet, Jupiter). • All of the planets orbit the Sun because of its enormous gravity. It ha ...
A startling new Sun
... and out into the solar wind. The interior of the Sun consists of a core, where the energy is being generated, and a convection zone, where the convectively unstable plasma is highly turbulent. The atmosphere comprises three layers: a cool surface layer, the photosphere, at a temperature of about 600 ...
... and out into the solar wind. The interior of the Sun consists of a core, where the energy is being generated, and a convection zone, where the convectively unstable plasma is highly turbulent. The atmosphere comprises three layers: a cool surface layer, the photosphere, at a temperature of about 600 ...
23sun6s
... The solar interior is the source of solar energy which is transported to the surface Nuclear fusion and magnetic fields play key roles in the energetics and structure of the Sun ...
... The solar interior is the source of solar energy which is transported to the surface Nuclear fusion and magnetic fields play key roles in the energetics and structure of the Sun ...
Student Review
... BCR 4: Universal Gravitation Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation states that any two objects exert a gravitational force of attraction on each other. Examples of Newton’s law can be found throughout the universe. For example, the Sun’s gravity affects Earth and other celestial bodies. The gravity ...
... BCR 4: Universal Gravitation Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation states that any two objects exert a gravitational force of attraction on each other. Examples of Newton’s law can be found throughout the universe. For example, the Sun’s gravity affects Earth and other celestial bodies. The gravity ...
WORD #1 Planets
... headers, footers as necessary with images. Link the finished document to your website. Venus would be comparable to walking on the ocean floor at a depth of half a mile. The Solar System As far as we know, there are nine planets locked in orbit around the Sun. Only one, our own Earth, supports life. ...
... headers, footers as necessary with images. Link the finished document to your website. Venus would be comparable to walking on the ocean floor at a depth of half a mile. The Solar System As far as we know, there are nine planets locked in orbit around the Sun. Only one, our own Earth, supports life. ...
Universe 8e Lecture Chapter 8 Origin of Our Solar System
... In the alternative disk instability model, the Jovian planets formed directly from the gases of the solar nebula. In this model the cores formed from planetesimals falling into the planets. The Sun formed by gravitational contraction of the center of the nebula. After about 108 years, temperatures a ...
... In the alternative disk instability model, the Jovian planets formed directly from the gases of the solar nebula. In this model the cores formed from planetesimals falling into the planets. The Sun formed by gravitational contraction of the center of the nebula. After about 108 years, temperatures a ...
Sun Test Answers
... a) Lasco C2 images b) Lasco C3 images c) SDO/HMI Continuum d) SDO/HMI Magnetogram 19. Shows the inner solar corona up to 5.25 million miles away from the sun. a) Lasco C2 images b) Lasco C3 images c) SDO/HMI Continuum d) SDO/HMI Magnetogram 20. The image produced by the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging T ...
... a) Lasco C2 images b) Lasco C3 images c) SDO/HMI Continuum d) SDO/HMI Magnetogram 19. Shows the inner solar corona up to 5.25 million miles away from the sun. a) Lasco C2 images b) Lasco C3 images c) SDO/HMI Continuum d) SDO/HMI Magnetogram 20. The image produced by the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging T ...
GAMMA-RAY EMISSION IN PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES DUE TO
... lightning on Jupiter is said to be associated with water and ice clouds that are similar to those that are found on Earth [13]. Although no visible evidence has been detected on Saturn, it is suggested that the HF radio emissions come from lightning discharges [14]. Since it is plausible that lightn ...
... lightning on Jupiter is said to be associated with water and ice clouds that are similar to those that are found on Earth [13]. Although no visible evidence has been detected on Saturn, it is suggested that the HF radio emissions come from lightning discharges [14]. Since it is plausible that lightn ...
solar photosphere and chromosphere
... Figure 3: Run of temperature with height in the solar atmosphere. The formation layers of various spectral features are indicated. From Vernazza, Avrett, & Loeser (1981, [23]). ...
... Figure 3: Run of temperature with height in the solar atmosphere. The formation layers of various spectral features are indicated. From Vernazza, Avrett, & Loeser (1981, [23]). ...
lec1_2008 - Stanford Solar Physics
... This allows us to estimate R from the wave dispersion relation, (l ) , and GM . The discrepancies may be related to the poor understanding the upper convective boundary layer of the Sun. The evolutionary change of the solar radius: dR dt 24 cm/year. There is controversial evidence that the solar ...
... This allows us to estimate R from the wave dispersion relation, (l ) , and GM . The discrepancies may be related to the poor understanding the upper convective boundary layer of the Sun. The evolutionary change of the solar radius: dR dt 24 cm/year. There is controversial evidence that the solar ...
LETG Spring, 2015
... the yearly calibration observations of it were we able to calibrate down to the Carbon edge near 44 Å. But it is constant—at least to well beyond the percent precision we need it to be—and it does provide an absolute calibration. Well, truthfully, absolute relative to a fairly decent model of the em ...
... the yearly calibration observations of it were we able to calibrate down to the Carbon edge near 44 Å. But it is constant—at least to well beyond the percent precision we need it to be—and it does provide an absolute calibration. Well, truthfully, absolute relative to a fairly decent model of the em ...
Nuclear reactions in the Sun
... with the number of particles available in a gas (exercise). If matter moves, it brings heat with it and this transport mechanism is much more efficient. • Matter is in hydrostatic equilibrium (P=-r g ) but equilibrium becomes unstable and convection starts when temperature gradient is large enough: ...
... with the number of particles available in a gas (exercise). If matter moves, it brings heat with it and this transport mechanism is much more efficient. • Matter is in hydrostatic equilibrium (P=-r g ) but equilibrium becomes unstable and convection starts when temperature gradient is large enough: ...
3D View of a Comet`s Neighborhood
... [7]. Second, it detected the presence of surprising “singing comet” oscillations [8], which involve undulations in the magnetic field that produce a striated structure in the outflowing ion tail. Third, Rosetta made the unexpected discovery of two distinct populations of electrons in the photoionize ...
... [7]. Second, it detected the presence of surprising “singing comet” oscillations [8], which involve undulations in the magnetic field that produce a striated structure in the outflowing ion tail. Third, Rosetta made the unexpected discovery of two distinct populations of electrons in the photoionize ...
hybrid
... field-aligned currents, calculated within the inner boundary, is mapped along the geomagnetic field lines into the ionosphere as input to the ionospheric potential equation. • The potential is then mapped back to the inner boundary of hybrid calculation where it is used as boundary condition for the ...
... field-aligned currents, calculated within the inner boundary, is mapped along the geomagnetic field lines into the ionosphere as input to the ionospheric potential equation. • The potential is then mapped back to the inner boundary of hybrid calculation where it is used as boundary condition for the ...
STUDY GUIDE FOR CHAPTER 1
... 5. Eventually the surface radiates so much energy that enough can get through the atmosphere to balance the amount of energy coming from the Sun. At that point the surface stops heating up. However its temperature is higher than it would be if no greenhouse gases were present and infrared radiation ...
... 5. Eventually the surface radiates so much energy that enough can get through the atmosphere to balance the amount of energy coming from the Sun. At that point the surface stops heating up. However its temperature is higher than it would be if no greenhouse gases were present and infrared radiation ...
Introduction to HI Paper
... revealed by Thomson scattered photosphere light, from free electrons in the solar wind plasma. ...
... revealed by Thomson scattered photosphere light, from free electrons in the solar wind plasma. ...
Key Ideas
... combining with other elements to form compounds, and is also being used by respiratory life. Despite this, the amount of oxygen in our atmosphere is not decreasing because it is being replenished by A. B. C. D. ...
... combining with other elements to form compounds, and is also being used by respiratory life. Despite this, the amount of oxygen in our atmosphere is not decreasing because it is being replenished by A. B. C. D. ...
PG_Lecture_Dec18_2008
... Atomic transitions In a stellar atmosphere, an atom or ion is normally in its ground state, but can be excited (by e- collisions) to an upper level. A radiative transition back to the ground state or some lower state may follow, resulting in line emission, i.e. emission of a quantum hν E.g. H-like ...
... Atomic transitions In a stellar atmosphere, an atom or ion is normally in its ground state, but can be excited (by e- collisions) to an upper level. A radiative transition back to the ground state or some lower state may follow, resulting in line emission, i.e. emission of a quantum hν E.g. H-like ...
Sun PPT from class
... Scientists made the assessment after studying 18 years of data from the Ulysses satellite which has sampled the space environment all around our star. They expect the reduced output to have effects right across the Solar System. Indeed, one impact is to diminish slightly the influence the Sun has ov ...
... Scientists made the assessment after studying 18 years of data from the Ulysses satellite which has sampled the space environment all around our star. They expect the reduced output to have effects right across the Solar System. Indeed, one impact is to diminish slightly the influence the Sun has ov ...
Energetic neutral atom
Energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging, often described as ""seeing with atoms"", is a technology used to create global images of otherwise invisible phenomena in the magnetospheres of planets and throughout the heliosphere, even to its outer boundary.This constitutes the far-flung edge of the solar system.The solar wind consists of ripped-apart atoms (called plasma) flying out of the Sun. This is mostly hydrogen, that is, bare electrons and protons, with a little bit of other kinds of nuclei, mostly helium. The space between solar systems is similar, but they come from other stars in our galaxy. These charged particles can be redirected by magnetic fields; for instance, Earth's magnetic field shields us from these particles. But, every so often, a few of them steal electrons from neutral atoms they run into. At that point, they become neutral, although they're still moving very fast, and they travel in an exact straight line. These are called Energetic Neutral Atoms. ENA images are constructed from the detection of these energetic neutral atoms.Earth's magnetosphere preserves Earth's atmosphere and protects us from cell-damaging radiation. This region of ""space weather"" is the site of geomagnetic storms that disrupt communications systems and pose radiation hazards to humans traveling at high polar altitudes or in orbiting spacecraft. A deeper understanding of this region is vitally important. Geomagnetic weather systems have been late to benefit from the satellite imagery taken for granted in weather forecasting, and space physics because their origins in magnetospheric plasmas present the added problem of invisibility.The heliosphere protects the entire Solar System from the majority of cosmic rays but is so remote that only an imaging technique such as ENA imaging will reveal its properties. The heliosphere's structure is due to the invisible interaction between the solar wind and cold gas from the local interstellar medium.The creation of ENAs by space plasmas was predicted but their discovery was both deliberate and serendipitous. While some early efforts were made at detection, their signatures also explained inconsistent findings by ion detectors in regions of expected low ion populations. Ion detectors were co-opted for further ENA detection experiments in other low-ion regions. However, the development of dedicated ENA detectors entailed overcoming significant obstacles in both skepticism and technology.Although ENAs were observed in space from the 1960s through 1980s, the first dedicated ENA camera was not flown until 1995 on the Swedish Astrid-1 satellite, to study Earth's magnetosphere.Today, dedicated ENA instruments have provided detailed magnetospheric images from Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Cassini's ENA images of Saturn revealed a unique magnetosphere with complex interactions that have yet to be fully explained. The IMAGE mission's three dedicated ENA cameras observed Earth's magnetosphere from 2000–2005 while the TWINS Mission, launched in 2008, provides stereo ENA imaging of Earth's magnetosphere using simultaneous imaging from two satellites.The first ever images of the heliospheric boundary, published in October 2009, were made by the ENA instruments aboard the IBEX and Cassini spacecraft. These images are very exciting because they challenge existing theories about the region.