Photon and Graviton Mass Limits
... was introduced by Heisenberg and Euler (15), who observed that what we now would call virtual creation of electron-positron pairs leads inevitably to an extra term in the Maxwell equations that is cubic in field strengths. This work also has a living legacy, as reviewed recently by Dunne (16). ...
... was introduced by Heisenberg and Euler (15), who observed that what we now would call virtual creation of electron-positron pairs leads inevitably to an extra term in the Maxwell equations that is cubic in field strengths. This work also has a living legacy, as reviewed recently by Dunne (16). ...
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Highly-Excited Diatomic Molecules at a Wide
... interactions within and between molecules is helping to overcome some of the limitations historically associated with each sub-field. In particular these include the limited range of interactions between essentially spherical atoms, and the difficulty of precisely controlling the internal quantum st ...
... interactions within and between molecules is helping to overcome some of the limitations historically associated with each sub-field. In particular these include the limited range of interactions between essentially spherical atoms, and the difficulty of precisely controlling the internal quantum st ...
Poetry of Physics and the Physics of Poetry
... the formulae of physics rather than the concepts. This book attempts to remedy this classical situation by communicating the ideas of physics to the reader without relying on mathematics. Mathematical formulae are used, but only after the concepts have been carefully explained. The math will be pure ...
... the formulae of physics rather than the concepts. This book attempts to remedy this classical situation by communicating the ideas of physics to the reader without relying on mathematics. Mathematical formulae are used, but only after the concepts have been carefully explained. The math will be pure ...
The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the
... of this thickness was about 0.87◦ . A simple calculation based on the theory of probability shows that the chance of an α particle being deflected through 90 degrees is vanishingly small. In addition, it will be seen later that the distribution of the α particles for various angles of large deflexio ...
... of this thickness was about 0.87◦ . A simple calculation based on the theory of probability shows that the chance of an α particle being deflected through 90 degrees is vanishingly small. In addition, it will be seen later that the distribution of the α particles for various angles of large deflexio ...
Molecular beam epitaxial growth of high-quality - ETH E
... gaps in InAs and InSb, high intrinsic electron mobilities at room temperature, high g-factors or unusual band line-ups, Sb-based III/V semiconductor heterostructures have been at the origin for many new devices and physical insights for more than three decades. Recently, the prediction of novel topo ...
... gaps in InAs and InSb, high intrinsic electron mobilities at room temperature, high g-factors or unusual band line-ups, Sb-based III/V semiconductor heterostructures have been at the origin for many new devices and physical insights for more than three decades. Recently, the prediction of novel topo ...
The Plasmasphere Boundary Layer
... region as a boundary layer has been the longstanding tendency of textbooks on space physics to limit introductory material on the plasmapause phenomenon to zeroth order descriptions in terms of ideal MHD theory, thus implying that the plasmasphere is relatively well understood. A textbook may introd ...
... region as a boundary layer has been the longstanding tendency of textbooks on space physics to limit introductory material on the plasmapause phenomenon to zeroth order descriptions in terms of ideal MHD theory, thus implying that the plasmasphere is relatively well understood. A textbook may introd ...
9th class bridge course 74-112
... All the points put forward in Dalton’s atomic theory have been contradicted by modern research, except that atom is the smallest unit of matter, which takes part in a chemical reaction. These particles were affected by the electric and magnetic fields but in the direction, opposite to the cathode ra ...
... All the points put forward in Dalton’s atomic theory have been contradicted by modern research, except that atom is the smallest unit of matter, which takes part in a chemical reaction. These particles were affected by the electric and magnetic fields but in the direction, opposite to the cathode ra ...
Influence of ionised electrons on heavy nuclei
... for electronic processing times. A charge state analysed (1 in figure 2) uranium beam of the GSI UNILAC was collimated (2) to a beam spot of less than 0.2x0.2mm2, the last collimator being placed only about 8 cm in front of the TOFS (5). Thus the ‘starting point’ of the recoil ions within the field ...
... for electronic processing times. A charge state analysed (1 in figure 2) uranium beam of the GSI UNILAC was collimated (2) to a beam spot of less than 0.2x0.2mm2, the last collimator being placed only about 8 cm in front of the TOFS (5). Thus the ‘starting point’ of the recoil ions within the field ...
Generation of MeV electrons and positrons with
... occupies. This is due to the ponderomotive force associated with the pulse envelope and it is optimally driven when the pulse length L⫽c L matches half the plasma wavelength p /2⫽ c/ p . 11,23 This process combined with the restoring force due to ion inertia leads to the creation of a longit ...
... occupies. This is due to the ponderomotive force associated with the pulse envelope and it is optimally driven when the pulse length L⫽c L matches half the plasma wavelength p /2⫽ c/ p . 11,23 This process combined with the restoring force due to ion inertia leads to the creation of a longit ...
magnetic effects of electric current
... Magnetising a material. When a material is placed inside a coil carrying current, it will get magnetized. A bunch of nails ore a iron rod placed along the axis of the coil can be magnetized by the current allowed to pass through the coil. Once the current is put-off the magnetic field will also be l ...
... Magnetising a material. When a material is placed inside a coil carrying current, it will get magnetized. A bunch of nails ore a iron rod placed along the axis of the coil can be magnetized by the current allowed to pass through the coil. Once the current is put-off the magnetic field will also be l ...
Intracrystalline inclusions within single crystalline
... when intracrystalline molecules extracted from sea urchin spines were allowed to become incorporated in vitro into growing single crystals of calcite. These results demonstrated that biogenic biomolecules are indeed able to become integrated into the microstructure, thereby altering it in vitro.34 F ...
... when intracrystalline molecules extracted from sea urchin spines were allowed to become incorporated in vitro into growing single crystals of calcite. These results demonstrated that biogenic biomolecules are indeed able to become integrated into the microstructure, thereby altering it in vitro.34 F ...
Condensed matter physics
Condensed matter physics is a branch of physics that deals with the physical properties of condensed phases of matter. Condensed matter physicists seek to understand the behavior of these phases by using physical laws. In particular, these include the laws of quantum mechanics, electromagnetism and statistical mechanics.The most familiar condensed phases are solids and liquids, while more exotic condensed phases include the superconducting phase exhibited by certain materials at low temperature, the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices, and the Bose–Einstein condensate found in cold atomic systems. The study of condensed matter physics involves measuring various material properties via experimental probes along with using techniques of theoretical physics to develop mathematical models that help in understanding physical behavior.The diversity of systems and phenomena available for study makes condensed matter physics the most active field of contemporary physics: one third of all American physicists identify themselves as condensed matter physicists, and the Division of Condensed Matter Physics is the largest division at the American Physical Society. The field overlaps with chemistry, materials science, and nanotechnology, and relates closely to atomic physics and biophysics. Theoretical condensed matter physics shares important concepts and techniques with theoretical particle and nuclear physics.A variety of topics in physics such as crystallography, metallurgy, elasticity, magnetism, etc., were treated as distinct areas, until the 1940s when they were grouped together as solid state physics. Around the 1960s, the study of physical properties of liquids was added to this list, forming the basis for the new, related specialty of condensed matter physics. According to physicist Phil Anderson, the term was coined by him and Volker Heine when they changed the name of their group at the Cavendish Laboratories, Cambridge from ""Solid state theory"" to ""Theory of Condensed Matter"" in 1967, as they felt it did not exclude their interests in the study of liquids, nuclear matter and so on. Although Anderson and Heine helped popularize the name ""condensed matter"", it had been present in Europe for some years, most prominently in the form of a journal published in English, French, and German by Springer-Verlag titled Physics of Condensed Matter, which was launched in 1963. The funding environment and Cold War politics of the 1960s and 1970s were also factors that lead some physicists to prefer the name ""condensed matter physics"", which emphasized the commonality of scientific problems encountered by physicists working on solids, liquids, plasmas, and other complex matter, over ""solid state physics"", which was often associated with the industrial applications of metals and semiconductors. The Bell Telephone Laboratories was one of the first institutes to conduct a research program in condensed matter physics.References to ""condensed"" state can be traced to earlier sources. For example, in the introduction to his 1947 ""Kinetic theory of liquids"" book, Yakov Frenkel proposed that ""The kinetic theory of liquids must accordingly be developed as a generalization and extension of the kinetic theory of solid bodies"". As a matter of fact, it would be more correct to unify them under the title of ""condensed bodies"".