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41. Feedback--invariant optimal control theory and differential
41. Feedback--invariant optimal control theory and differential

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(pdf)

... Definition 1.9. Let F be a differential field, and let F {Y }1 denote the homogenous elements of degree 1 in F {Y }. A differential ideal I ⊆ F {Y } is linear if I is generated by I ∩ F {Y }1 . The dimension of a linear differential ideal I is the codimension of I ∩ F {Y }1 in F {Y }1 We note that F ...
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... inspection (e.g., for x2 = 49), taking square roots, completing the square, the quadratic formula and factoring, as appropriate to the initial form of the equation. Recognize when the quadratic formula gives complex solutions and write them as a ± bi for real numbers a and b. A.REI.A.1 Understand so ...
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... 1. Division of integers: basic properties For two integers a and b 6= 0, there may exist an integer q such that a = bq. If this happens, then we say that b divides a, and denote this fact by writing b|a. If b|a, then a is called a multiple of b, b is called a divisor of a and q is called the quotien ...
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< 1 ... 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 ... 480 >

Fundamental theorem of algebra

The fundamental theorem of algebra states that every non-constant single-variable polynomial with complex coefficients has at least one complex root. This includes polynomials with real coefficients, since every real number is a complex number with an imaginary part equal to zero.Equivalently (by definition), the theorem states that the field of complex numbers is algebraically closed.The theorem is also stated as follows: every non-zero, single-variable, degree n polynomial with complex coefficients has, counted with multiplicity, exactly n roots. The equivalence of the two statements can be proven through the use of successive polynomial division.In spite of its name, there is no purely algebraic proof of the theorem, since any proof must use the completeness of the reals (or some other equivalent formulation of completeness), which is not an algebraic concept. Additionally, it is not fundamental for modern algebra; its name was given at a time when the study of algebra was mainly concerned with the solutions of polynomial equations with real or complex coefficients.
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