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19. The Fermat-Euler Prime Number Theorem

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... The total cost was x42y cents. If 88 divides this number, then both 8 and 11 must divide it. We know that 8 | x42y if 8 | 42y. Thus we must have y = 4 since 424 is the only number of this form divisible by 8. Now 11 | x424 only if 11 divides x − 4 + 2 − 4 = x − 6. Thus x = 6, so the total cost was ...
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Semigroups and automata on infinite words

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... Like the elementary geometry explained in the book [6], the analytical geometry in this book is a geometry of threedimensional space E. We use the symbol E for to denote the space that we observe in our everyday life. Despite being seemingly simple, even the empty space E possesses a rich variety of ...
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... We wish to show, for a suitable choice of positive constants B and k, that S > 0 for any large N. If S > 0 for some N, then at least one term in the sum over n must have a strictly positive contribution. Since the λd are all reals, we see that if there is a positive contribution from n ∈ [N, 2N), th ...
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Notes on regular, exact and additive categories

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Weighted Catalan Numbers and Their Divisibility Properties

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Graded Algebra, in PDF format

< 1 ... 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 ... 480 >

Fundamental theorem of algebra

The fundamental theorem of algebra states that every non-constant single-variable polynomial with complex coefficients has at least one complex root. This includes polynomials with real coefficients, since every real number is a complex number with an imaginary part equal to zero.Equivalently (by definition), the theorem states that the field of complex numbers is algebraically closed.The theorem is also stated as follows: every non-zero, single-variable, degree n polynomial with complex coefficients has, counted with multiplicity, exactly n roots. The equivalence of the two statements can be proven through the use of successive polynomial division.In spite of its name, there is no purely algebraic proof of the theorem, since any proof must use the completeness of the reals (or some other equivalent formulation of completeness), which is not an algebraic concept. Additionally, it is not fundamental for modern algebra; its name was given at a time when the study of algebra was mainly concerned with the solutions of polynomial equations with real or complex coefficients.
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