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Zero work - PRADEEP KSHETRAPAL PHYSICS
Zero work - PRADEEP KSHETRAPAL PHYSICS

... house is said to be working. In a drought affected region she may be required to carry it over large distances. If she can do so, she is said to have a large stamina or energy. Energy is thus the capacity to do work. The term power is usually associated with speed. In karate, a powerful punch is one ...
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... house is said to be working. In a drought affected region she may be required to carry it over large distances. If she can do so, she is said to have a large stamina or energy. Energy is thus the capacity to do work. The term power is usually associated with speed. In karate, a powerful punch is one ...
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... capacity. Increasing both effective length and total length can decrease the electric fields, at a constant voltage, which •increases•(RB 1-Jul-2009) migration time. For a given buffer and electric field, heat dissipation (thus, sample band broadening) depends on the internal diameter of the capilla ...
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Morin, A.J., II, M. Zahn, and J.R. Melcher, Fluid Electrification Measurements of Transformer Pressboard/Oil Insulation in a Couette Charger, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 870-901, October 1991
Morin, A.J., II, M. Zahn, and J.R. Melcher, Fluid Electrification Measurements of Transformer Pressboard/Oil Insulation in a Couette Charger, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 870-901, October 1991

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Turbulence



In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and flow velocity in space and time.Flow in which the kinetic energy dies out due to the action of fluid molecular viscosity is called laminar flow. While there is no theorem relating the non-dimensional Reynolds number (Re) to turbulence, flows at Reynolds numbers larger than 5000 are typically (but not necessarily) turbulent, while those at low Reynolds numbers usually remain laminar. In Poiseuille flow, for example, turbulence can first be sustained if the Reynolds number is larger than a critical value of about 2040; moreover, the turbulence is generally interspersed with laminar flow until a larger Reynolds number of about 4000.In turbulent flow, unsteady vortices appear on many scales and interact with each other. Drag due to boundary layer skin friction increases. The structure and location of boundary layer separation often changes, sometimes resulting in a reduction of overall drag. Although laminar-turbulent transition is not governed by Reynolds number, the same transition occurs if the size of the object is gradually increased, or the viscosity of the fluid is decreased, or if the density of the fluid is increased. Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman described turbulence as ""the most important unsolved problem of classical physics.""
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