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here - Magnolia Intertie
here - Magnolia Intertie

... network analysis involves incident, reflected and transmitted waves traveling along a transmission line. It is helpful to think of traveling waves along a transmission line in terms of a light wave analogy. In the diagram to the right we can imagine incident light striking some optical component suc ...
Lightning protection systems for gas pressure control and
Lightning protection systems for gas pressure control and

... German BetrSichV to be observed in this context. The German DVGW Code of Practise G 491 describes the requirements for electrical and non-electrical explosion protection of gas pressure control and measurement systems, referring to the existing TRBS as a source of information. Risk analysis – Determ ...
Time transfer through optical fibers over a distance of 73 km
Time transfer through optical fibers over a distance of 73 km

... term for time interval measurements specified by the manufacturer for the time interval counter (uB = 0.5 ns) need not be taken into account because it cancels out. The uncertainty of the CALR value is then the quadratic sum of UREF and statistical contributions from the measurements ½ (TDL – TDR) a ...
Submittal Requirements Solar Photovoltaic Installations OVER 10
Submittal Requirements Solar Photovoltaic Installations OVER 10

... Photo voltaic panels and modules. Rooftop mounted photovoltaic panels and modules shall be tested, listed and identified with a fire classification in accordance with UL 1703. The fire classification shall comply with Table 1505.1 of the California Building Code based on the type of construction of ...
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

... being separated by a finite guard band. OFDM is displayed in the bottom spectral diagram where the peak of one signal coincides with the trough of another signal. Each subcarrier ,however , must maintain the Nyquist criterion separation with the minimum time period of T ( i.e. a frequency spread of ...
EasyHeat Self-Regulating Cable for Branch Sprinkler Systems
EasyHeat Self-Regulating Cable for Branch Sprinkler Systems

... and other unheated residential or commercial locations where branch sprinkler systems are used for fire protection. Because the system is always charged with water, there is less risk of corrosion due to trapped moisture and air. Electricity costs are minimal because EasyHeat’s self-regulating cable ...
A Fiber Optics Tutorial
A Fiber Optics Tutorial

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Electrical Engineering (E E) Iowa State University – 2013-2014 1
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Ultracapacitor Usage in Wind Turbine Pitch
Ultracapacitor Usage in Wind Turbine Pitch

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B1180-11012
B1180-11012

... zones as possible. Upon reconfiguration, the system will evaluate all possible connection points for the link. By default, the link will be moved to the tie switch with the greatest amount of capacity. It will also ensure that no devices on the new link will become overloaded by adding the unpowered ...
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Chapter 18 Internet Protocols

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A Wireless ECG Recording System for Small Animal Models of Heart

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Measurement Systems
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CENTERLINE® Intelligent Motor Control Centers
CENTERLINE® Intelligent Motor Control Centers

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Coherent Optical OFDM System or Long-Haul Transmission

... in the bandwidth demand in the future. The spectral efficiency, which is the information capacity per unit bandwidth is one of the important merit figure in optical communication. Intensity modulation and direct detection are basically used in optical networks, but spectral efficiency obtained is ve ...
UTA-1 Instruction Sheet
UTA-1 Instruction Sheet

... telecommunications company. The equipment must also be installed using an acceptable method of connection. The customer should be aware that compliance with the above conditions may not prevent degradation of service in some situations. Repairs to certified equipment should be coordinated by a repre ...
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Passive Intermodulation
Passive Intermodulation

... Intermodulation products are the emissions at frequencies generated by the combination of two or more frequencies in a non-linear device. A non-linear device is one whose output signal is not directly proportional to its input signal. A simple example of such a device is a diode or an element that b ...
Chapter 18 Internet Protocols
Chapter 18 Internet Protocols

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Heterogeneous Cellular Networks: From Theory to Practice
Heterogeneous Cellular Networks: From Theory to Practice

... Naturally, some caveats should be given to the above results. First, this model is “open access,” i.e. any UE can connect to any base station, and it connects to the one that offers the best SINR. In practice, this may not occur for two important reasons. First, some nodes in the network, notably cl ...
Chapter 18 Internet Protocols
Chapter 18 Internet Protocols

... —Broadcast for all entities within domain —Multicast for specific subset of entities ...
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Last mile



The last mile or last kilometer is a widely accepted phrase used in the telecommunications, cable television and internet industries to refer to the final leg of the telecommunications networks delivery components and mechanisms to retail end-users / customers. More specifically, the last mile is the common colloquialism referring to that portion of the telecommunications network chain that physically reaches the end-user's / customer's premises. Examples are the (POTS) copper wire subscriber lines connecting telephones to the local telephone exchange; coaxial cable service drops carrying cable television signals from utility poles to subscribers' homes, and cell towers linking local cell phones to the cellular network. The word ""mile"" is used metaphorically - not literally: the length of the last mile link may be more or less than a mile. Because the last mile of a network to the user is conversely the first mile from the user's premises to the outside, telecommunications world (when said user is sending data [i.e. uploading bits]), the term first mile is also alternately used.The last mile is typically the speed bottleneck in communication networks; its bandwidth effectively limits the bandwidth of data that can be delivered to the customer. This is because retail telecommunication networks have the topology of ""trees"", with relatively few high capacity ""trunk"" communication channels branching out to feed many final mile ""leaves"". The final mile links, as the most numerous and thus most expensive part of the system, are the most difficult to upgrade to new technology. For example, telephone trunklines that carry phone calls between switching centers are made of modern optical fiber, but the last mile, typically twisted pair, telephone wiring that provides service to customer premises, essentially has remained unchanged for over a century, since the original laying of copper phone cables.To resolve, or at least mitigate, the problems involved with attempting to provide enhanced services over the last mile, some firms have been mixing networks for decades. One example is fixed wireless access, where a wireless network is used instead of wires to connect a stationary terminal to the wireline network. Various solutions are being developed which are seen as an alternative to the last mile of standard incumbent local exchange carriers. These include WiMAX and broadband over power lines applications.
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