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A New Species of Rotala L. (Lythraceae) from Kerala, India
A New Species of Rotala L. (Lythraceae) from Kerala, India

... locality “Meenkulam” in Kannur District, Kerala State, India. Conservation status: The species is confined to an area of less than 5 km2 on lateritic hillocks of Meenkulam and paddy fields of Mugu which are prone to mining, land conversion, uncontrolled tourism and grazing. The current assessment as ...
Salicaceae
Salicaceae

... Willow produces male or female flowers in catkins usually on separate plants. Each individual flower lacks sepals and petals and is subtended by a bract beside one or two glands. Each female flower usually has two carpels and most male flowers usually have two stamens (some species have up to 12 sta ...
Lecture 23.
Lecture 23.

... • Flowers are modified branches. • Like vegetative branches they are composed of leaves attached to a stem (Receptacle). In most cases there is little internodal elongation between successive flower parts and they are tightly inserted one above the other. • Flower parts may have a spiral arrangement ...
A Pocket Guide to the Native Plants of Teton County, WY
A Pocket Guide to the Native Plants of Teton County, WY

... to improve their landscape through the use of native plant species. All of the species listed in this guide are native to the United States (according to the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Plants Database which can be found at http://plants.usda.gov). They are all found in Teton Count ...
HG 28 Bamboo - University of Maryland Extension
HG 28 Bamboo - University of Maryland Extension

... bloom every year while others bloom only once in fifty or onehundred years and then die depending on the variety and climate. Some species have never been known to bloom. GROWTH TYPES There are two basic types of bamboo; clumping and running. Individual bamboo canes are called culms. The clump type ...
The Amazing Baobab Tree ~ Culture and Uses. ( 105
The Amazing Baobab Tree ~ Culture and Uses. ( 105

... quality of diets. Many of the species have multi-purpose uses, as they produce non-food products such as fuel, timber, fodder, medicines and industrial products for small-holders. Harvesting from these trees enables rural people to provide nutrition for a balanced diet and generate income thus helpi ...
Pedicel development in Arabidopsis thaliana: Contribution of vascular
Pedicel development in Arabidopsis thaliana: Contribution of vascular

... differentiated sepal cells (Figs. 1I to K). Comparison of transverse sections from the dpb and more proximal pedicel regions did not reveal obvious anatomical differences, suggesting that sepal-like characters are restricted to the distal pedicel epidermal layer (not shown). At maturity, the dpb is ...
Hydrilla and Brazilian Elodea
Hydrilla and Brazilian Elodea

... Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) and Brazilian elodea (Egeria densa) are both submerged, rooted, freshwater aquatic plants that survive well in up to six meters of water. They are perennial and tolerate a variety of climatic conditions in lakes, rivers, and streams. Hydrilla stems can reach more tha ...
growing aloes in warm climates
growing aloes in warm climates

... Greyish, with white thorns Greyish green with pinkish spots ...
Cowberry - Trees for Life
Cowberry - Trees for Life

... flowering periods in the year, with one being from April to June, and the other from the end of July through to November. This makes it one of the latest-flowering plants in the Caledonian Forest, and as a result it provides food for pollinating insects when there are few other sources available at ...
Practical - UAHS-S
Practical - UAHS-S

... STUDY OF COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT VARIETIES OF ROSE, JASMINE AND CHRYSANTHEMUM Rose flower is considered as “Queen of Flowers” due to its exquisite shape, size, attractive colours and fragrance. The rose plant occupies a very important position both as garden plant and for cut flowers. Species: The ro ...
Identification of Insects and Related Pests of Horticultural Plants
Identification of Insects and Related Pests of Horticultural Plants

... Figure 3. Adult winged aphid. Adult aphids may be winged or wingless. ...
ID Trees of Nova Scotia - Government of Nova Scotia
ID Trees of Nova Scotia - Government of Nova Scotia

... Hardwood - a term commonly applied to broad-leaved or deciduous trees; although some may be evergreen, they do not bear cones. Humus - decomposed plant and animal residues in the lower organic soil layer. Layering - a method of plant propagation in which a stem is induced to send out roots when it i ...
ID Trees of Nova Scotia - Nova Scotia`s Eastern Shore
ID Trees of Nova Scotia - Nova Scotia`s Eastern Shore

... Hardwood - a term commonly applied to broad-leaved or deciduous trees; although some may be evergreen, they do not bear cones. Humus - decomposed plant and animal residues in the lower organic soil layer. Layering - a method of plant propagation in which a stem is induced to send out roots when it i ...
Purple loosestrife - MSU Extension Invasive Plants
Purple loosestrife - MSU Extension Invasive Plants

... There are four chemicals that can be used to manage purple loosestrife on sites with standing or moving water typical of where it invades. Triclopyr and glyphosate are used most commonly. However, 2,4-D, and imazapyr are also formulated for aquatic applications. The surfactants used in the formulati ...
Trees - Saddleback College
Trees - Saddleback College

... also known as Libocedrus decurrens. An evergreen forest tree, which will reach a height of from 80 to 150 feet. It is aromatic with a straight, conical trunk with a broad base. The lower branches turn downward, while the upper branches are erect, in the from of a conical crown. The bark is cinnamon- ...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676.

... The black seeds of the papaya are edible and have a sharp, spicy taste. They are sometimes ground and used as a substitute for black pepper. Dried papaya seeds actually look quite similar to peppercorns and can be used in just the same way. Grinding a couple over a meal, especially protein rich meal ...
early cretaceous monocots: a phylogenetic evaluation
early cretaceous monocots: a phylogenetic evaluation

... affinity of one pollen group that was assigned to monocots by Doyle (1973) and Walker and Walker (1984), namely monosulcate and trichotomosulcate grains that have graded sculpture but differ from typical Liliacidites in that the sculpture is finer at the proximal and distal poles rather than the end ...
Agaves for the Landscape Jeff Pavlat 8/07
Agaves for the Landscape Jeff Pavlat 8/07

... acidic sap before they can lay eggs. Stressed plants and those about to go into bloom are the most susceptible. Plants can be treated with Marathon 1% Granular Greenhouse and Nursery Insecticide. Sprinkle 1 to 5 tablespoons (depending on the size of the plant) around the base of the rosette. It is a ...
- Pineview Plants
- Pineview Plants

... Attractive palm like foliage as well as unusual stripped flower, spreads with stolons so will gradually colonise a cool shady border when happy ...
VFL, the Grapevine FLORICAULA/LEAFY
VFL, the Grapevine FLORICAULA/LEAFY

... Figure 2. Development of a grapevine var Tempranillo bud and its derivatives as revealed by SEM. A through D, First season; E through J, second season. A, Detail of an April latent bud. The vegetative shoot apical meristem is forming leaf primordia flanked by scales (sc) in spiral phyllotaxis. B, De ...
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry

... Sweetpotatoes are rich in secondary metabolites, especially antioxidant compounds, including carotenoids, anthocyanins, and vitamin C (Teow et al., 2007). Purple-fleshed sweetpotato provides a healthy food source for humans and serves as a potential source of natural food colorants due to its high le ...
A View of Life
A View of Life

... Xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals up from roots. Phloem conducts sucrose and other organic compounds throughout the plant. Lignin strengthens walls of conducting cells in xylem. ...
Gunnera at Cloudbridge Nature Reserve
Gunnera at Cloudbridge Nature Reserve

... inhabitation of Gunnera’s cells, Nostoc does not continue to colonize cells extensively. It is likely this applies on the microscopic level as well, thus making it unlikely that Nostoc would have been found at the microscopic level in the petiole or leaf tissue. Distinguishing the juvenile leaf form ...
Knotweeds - Invasive Species Council of BC
Knotweeds - Invasive Species Council of BC

... desiccated and no longer viable, and not permitted to touch soil or water during the desiccation process. Once completely brown and dry, they may be safely composted, as long as seeds are not present particularly on Bohemian knotweed stems. Tarp and bag removed knotweed plants, plant parts and seeds ...
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Leaf



A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant and is the principal lateral appendage of the stem. The leaves and stem together form the shoot. Foliage is a mass noun that refers to leaves collectively.Typically a leaf is a thin, dorsiventrally flattened organ, borne above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Most leaves have distinctive upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces that differ in colour, hairiness, the number of stomata (pores that intake and output gases) and other features. In most plant species, leaves are broad and flat. Such species are referred to as broad-leaved plants. Many gymnosperm species have thin needle-like leaves that can be advantageous in cold climates frequented by snow and frost. Leaves can also have other shapes and forms such as the scales in certain species of conifers. Some leaves are not above ground (such as bulb scales). Succulent plants often have thick juicy leaves, but some leaves are without major photosynthetic function and may be dead at maturity, as in some cataphylls, and spines). Furthermore, several kinds of leaf-like structures found in vascular plants are not totally homologous with them. Examples include flattened plant stems (called phylloclades and cladodes), and phyllodes (flattened leaf stems), both of which differ from leaves in their structure and origin. Many structures of non-vascular plants, and even of some lichens, which are not plants at all (in the sense of being members of the kingdom Plantae), look and function much like leaves. The primary site of photosynthesis in most leaves (palisade mesophyll) almost always occurs on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf but in some species, including the mature foliage of Eucalyptus palisade occurs on both sides and the leaves are said to be isobilateral.
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