The Use of Cytotoxic Plant Lectins in Cancer Therapy
... associated with them. In the case of whole ricin ITs, the advantage is that they are extremely toxic to cells bearing the appropriate antigen, often matching or surpassing the native toxin in potency. The disadvantage is predictable-lack of specificity because opportunistic cell binding by the B cha ...
... associated with them. In the case of whole ricin ITs, the advantage is that they are extremely toxic to cells bearing the appropriate antigen, often matching or surpassing the native toxin in potency. The disadvantage is predictable-lack of specificity because opportunistic cell binding by the B cha ...
Glycomarkers in parasitic infections and allergy
... In an adaptive immune response to proteins, the antigen is subject to processing by immunoproteasomes before presentation on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell, such as a dendritic cell. However, information regarding the exact mechanisms of the immune response to oligosaccharide structures i ...
... In an adaptive immune response to proteins, the antigen is subject to processing by immunoproteasomes before presentation on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell, such as a dendritic cell. However, information regarding the exact mechanisms of the immune response to oligosaccharide structures i ...
Classification of allergens
... Cytotoxic type of allergic reactions • Immunological stage. It is called cytotoxic because the antibodies that developed to antigen of the cell bind to cells and cause their damage or even lysis (cytolytic action). For swithing of this mechanism cells have to acquire autoallergen properties. Than t ...
... Cytotoxic type of allergic reactions • Immunological stage. It is called cytotoxic because the antibodies that developed to antigen of the cell bind to cells and cause their damage or even lysis (cytolytic action). For swithing of this mechanism cells have to acquire autoallergen properties. Than t ...
THE ROLE OF COMPLEMENT
... immune complexes / autoantibodies. May be useful for Dx + Mx of certain diseases (eg SLE, Sjogren’s, vasculitis etc) ...
... immune complexes / autoantibodies. May be useful for Dx + Mx of certain diseases (eg SLE, Sjogren’s, vasculitis etc) ...
Immune Defenses
... when cell lysis releases the virions (Fig. 50-2a). Many viruses (e.g., reoviruses and coxsackieviruses), however, also induce virus-specific antigens on the cell surface before cell death occurs and sometimes before viral multiplication is complete (Fig. 50-2b). In the third type of cytolytic infect ...
... when cell lysis releases the virions (Fig. 50-2a). Many viruses (e.g., reoviruses and coxsackieviruses), however, also induce virus-specific antigens on the cell surface before cell death occurs and sometimes before viral multiplication is complete (Fig. 50-2b). In the third type of cytolytic infect ...
ppt_ch26_e_body defence mechanisms
... Humoral immune responses Actions of antibodies 3 Stick pathogens into clumps - pathogens stuck together by antibodies and cannot reproduce or enter cells antibodies ...
... Humoral immune responses Actions of antibodies 3 Stick pathogens into clumps - pathogens stuck together by antibodies and cannot reproduce or enter cells antibodies ...
Microbial Ecology
... mAbs for A. brasilense strains Sp7 and Wa3 and a species-specific pAs for Herbaspirillum seropedicae were used. mAb-producing hybridoma cell lines were obtained by fusion of the myeloma cell line X63-Ag8.653 with B-lymphocytes of 3- to 6-month-old rats, which had been stimulated 1–5 times by immuniz ...
... mAbs for A. brasilense strains Sp7 and Wa3 and a species-specific pAs for Herbaspirillum seropedicae were used. mAb-producing hybridoma cell lines were obtained by fusion of the myeloma cell line X63-Ag8.653 with B-lymphocytes of 3- to 6-month-old rats, which had been stimulated 1–5 times by immuniz ...
Slide 1
... – Clones of lymphocytes with different specificities are present – Total number of antigenic specificities of the lymphocytes in an individual, called the lymphocyte repertoire (107-109 distinct antigenic determinants) – Lymphocyte repertoire is called diversity ...
... – Clones of lymphocytes with different specificities are present – Total number of antigenic specificities of the lymphocytes in an individual, called the lymphocyte repertoire (107-109 distinct antigenic determinants) – Lymphocyte repertoire is called diversity ...
syphillis igm, elisa, 96 tests
... of active florid manifestations and by years of symptomless latency. Syphilis is traditionally classified as acquired or congenital, each being further subdivided on the basis of the natural course of the disease. In acquired syphilis, infection is usually transmitted by sexual intercourse. The incu ...
... of active florid manifestations and by years of symptomless latency. Syphilis is traditionally classified as acquired or congenital, each being further subdivided on the basis of the natural course of the disease. In acquired syphilis, infection is usually transmitted by sexual intercourse. The incu ...
Slide 1
... – Clones of lymphocytes with different specificities are present – Total number of antigenic specificities of the lymphocytes in an individual, called the lymphocyte repertoire (107-109 distinct antigenic determinants) – Lymphocyte repertoire is called diversity ...
... – Clones of lymphocytes with different specificities are present – Total number of antigenic specificities of the lymphocytes in an individual, called the lymphocyte repertoire (107-109 distinct antigenic determinants) – Lymphocyte repertoire is called diversity ...
Antibody-Directed Phototherapy (ADP)
... Figure 2. Schematic diagram illustrating non-targeted and targeted PDT. After extravasation from the vasculature system PS-drugs pass from the blood into the tumour microenvironment where depending on their physical properties and to what (if anything) they are attached, they can either diffuse into ...
... Figure 2. Schematic diagram illustrating non-targeted and targeted PDT. After extravasation from the vasculature system PS-drugs pass from the blood into the tumour microenvironment where depending on their physical properties and to what (if anything) they are attached, they can either diffuse into ...
... The regular B-cell antigens, Ki-B 5 and L-26, could be demonstrated on all atypical blasts, including small centroblasts. The immunostaining pattern of lymphoma cells is summarized in table 1. After PCR with primers specific for heavy chain consensus sequences [15], using temperature gradient gel el ...
Pathogenic antibodies to coagulation factors. Part one: Factor VIII
... Th cells (Fig. 1). CD4 on Th cells is a coreceptor in this complex and binds to invariant residues on the MHC class II molecule. The length of peptides bound to MHC II molecules typically is 13–17 residues. MHC-restricted T-cell responses exhibit a high level of cross-reactivity, which occurs at two ...
... Th cells (Fig. 1). CD4 on Th cells is a coreceptor in this complex and binds to invariant residues on the MHC class II molecule. The length of peptides bound to MHC II molecules typically is 13–17 residues. MHC-restricted T-cell responses exhibit a high level of cross-reactivity, which occurs at two ...
Canine Vaccines:
... Cause: T cell dysfunction (genetic or age-related) Disease Process: Immune Complexes bind to blood vessels and subsequent immune processes damage vessels while targeting the antigen for destruction ...
... Cause: T cell dysfunction (genetic or age-related) Disease Process: Immune Complexes bind to blood vessels and subsequent immune processes damage vessels while targeting the antigen for destruction ...
Chapter 6
... different virus that causes smallpox. Why was he successful even though he used viruses of different kinds? * a) ...
... different virus that causes smallpox. Why was he successful even though he used viruses of different kinds? * a) ...
BASIS: A Biological Approach to System Information Security
... 3. Information Security Tasks in a Biological Immune A detailed description of the biological immune system is provided in this section. This description includes the basic immune system response, the major players in this system, and the interaction of these components. 3.1 The basic immune respons ...
... 3. Information Security Tasks in a Biological Immune A detailed description of the biological immune system is provided in this section. This description includes the basic immune system response, the major players in this system, and the interaction of these components. 3.1 The basic immune respons ...
The conservative physiology of the immune system. A non
... vaccines. In the late 50s, selective theories were proposed and from then on, immunology has been based in a close association with the neo-Darwinian principles, such as random generation of variants (lymphocyte clones), selection by extrinsic factors (antigens)—and, more generally, on genetic deter ...
... vaccines. In the late 50s, selective theories were proposed and from then on, immunology has been based in a close association with the neo-Darwinian principles, such as random generation of variants (lymphocyte clones), selection by extrinsic factors (antigens)—and, more generally, on genetic deter ...
File
... What is a Mitogen? • Any substance which non-specifically activates lymphocytes resulting in the production of products such as antibodies (B lymphocytes) or cytokines (T lymphocytes). ...
... What is a Mitogen? • Any substance which non-specifically activates lymphocytes resulting in the production of products such as antibodies (B lymphocytes) or cytokines (T lymphocytes). ...
Improved Pattern Recognition with Artificial Clonal Selection?
... pattern class, enabling them to perform classification tasks. The memory cell with the highest affinity to a newly presented pattern supplies that pattern’s classification. Cells need only make an approximate match to classify a pattern, i.e. they must fall within a sphere of recognition in the affi ...
... pattern class, enabling them to perform classification tasks. The memory cell with the highest affinity to a newly presented pattern supplies that pattern’s classification. Cells need only make an approximate match to classify a pattern, i.e. they must fall within a sphere of recognition in the affi ...
IMGT/Collier-de-Perles: a two-dimensional visualization tool for
... perspective they are being examined from each time. Thereby, they can be categorized according to the functional groups of their side chains, which determine their physicochemical characteristics [1]. Taking into account the importance of proteins, made of amino acids, as a structural component of a ...
... perspective they are being examined from each time. Thereby, they can be categorized according to the functional groups of their side chains, which determine their physicochemical characteristics [1]. Taking into account the importance of proteins, made of amino acids, as a structural component of a ...
ANA – Antinuclear Antibodies
... automatically added. The IFA Hep2 with titer and pattern will now be separately orderable if that is desired as an alternative first line test. Previously, if the IFA failed to demonstrate a clinically significant titer, the entire assay was reported as negative. Beginning 4/15/15, the ANA screen an ...
... automatically added. The IFA Hep2 with titer and pattern will now be separately orderable if that is desired as an alternative first line test. Previously, if the IFA failed to demonstrate a clinically significant titer, the entire assay was reported as negative. Beginning 4/15/15, the ANA screen an ...
Polyclonal Antibody Production Guidelines Introduction Since the
... contain killed mycobacteria. Freund's adjuvants are prepared as water-in-oil emulsions by combining approximately equal volumes of adjuvant and aqueous antigen solution in such a way that the oil becomes the continuous phase. If properly mixed, the antigen will be distributed over a large surface ar ...
... contain killed mycobacteria. Freund's adjuvants are prepared as water-in-oil emulsions by combining approximately equal volumes of adjuvant and aqueous antigen solution in such a way that the oil becomes the continuous phase. If properly mixed, the antigen will be distributed over a large surface ar ...
Reproductive Immunology: Biomarkers of
... gens (3). Evidence to support this comes from studies of cell-mediated immunity which show certain trophoblast antigens (4) and some antitrophoblast antibodies (5) can modulate allogeneic recognition reactions. Although antitrophoblast antibodies have been identified in some normal and abnormal preg ...
... gens (3). Evidence to support this comes from studies of cell-mediated immunity which show certain trophoblast antigens (4) and some antitrophoblast antibodies (5) can modulate allogeneic recognition reactions. Although antitrophoblast antibodies have been identified in some normal and abnormal preg ...
Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shape protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the harmful agent, called an antigen, via the variable region. Each tip of the ""Y"" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival). The ability of an antibody to communicate with the other components of the immune system is mediated via its Fc region (located at the base of the ""Y""), which contains a conserved glycosylation site involved in these interactions. The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system.Antibodies are secreted by cells of the adaptive immune system (B cells), and more specifically, differentiated B cells called plasma cells. Antibodies can occur in two physical forms, a soluble form that is secreted from the cell, and a membrane-bound form that is attached to the surface of a B cell and is referred to as the B cell receptor (BCR). The BCR is found only on the surface of B cells and facilitates the activation of these cells and their subsequent differentiation into either antibody factories called plasma cells or memory B cells that will survive in the body and remember that same antigen so the B cells can respond faster upon future exposure. In most cases, interaction of the B cell with a T helper cell is necessary to produce full activation of the B cell and, therefore, antibody generation following antigen binding. Soluble antibodies are released into the blood and tissue fluids, as well as many secretions to continue to survey for invading microorganisms.Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily; the terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably. Though strictly speaking, an antibody is not the same as an immunoglobulin; B cells can produce two types of immunoglobulins - surface immunoglobulins, which are B cell receptors; and secreted immunoglobulins, which are antibodies. So antibodies are one of two classes of immunoglobulins. Antibodies are typically made of basic structural units—each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains. There are several different types of antibody heavy chains based on five different types of crystallisable fragments (Fc) that may be attached to the antigen-binding fragments. The five different types of Fc regions allow antibodies to be grouped into five isotypes. Each Fc region of a particular antibody isotype is able to bind to its specific Fc Receptor (except for IgD, which is essentially the BCR), thus allowing the antigen-antibody complex to mediate different roles depending on which FcR it binds. The ability of an antibody to bind to its corresponding FcR is further modulated by the structure of the glycan(s) present at conserved sites within its Fc region. The ability of antibodies to bind to FcRs helps to direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter. For example, IgE is responsible for an allergic response consisting of mast cell degranulation and histamine release. IgE's Fab paratope binds to allergic antigen, for example house dust mite particles, while its Fc region binds to Fc receptor ε. The allergen-IgE-FcRε interaction mediates allergic signal transduction to induce conditions such as asthma. Though the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen-binding sites, to exist. This region is known as the hypervariable region. Each of these variants can bind to a different antigen. This enormous diversity of antibody paratopes on the antigen-binding fragments allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens. The large and diverse population of antibody paratope is generated by random recombination events of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen-binding sites (or paratopes), followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity. This recombinational process that produces clonal antibody paratope diversity is called V(D)J or VJ recombination. Basically, the antibody paratope is polygenic, made up of three genes, V, D, and J. Each paratope locus is also polymorphic, such that during antibody production, one allele of V, one of D, and one of J is chosen. These gene segments are then joined together using random genetic recombination to produce the paratope. The regions where the genes are randomly recombined together is the hyper variable region used to recognise different antigens on a clonal basis. Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching that changes the one type of heavy chain Fc fragment to another, creating a different isotype of the antibody that retains the antigen-specific variable region. This allows a single antibody to be used by different types of Fc receptors, expressed on different parts of the immune system.