United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
... environmentally, socially and economically most effective if they are based on relevant scientific, technical and economic considerations and continually re-evaluated in the light of new findings in these areas, Recognizing that various actions to address climate change can be justified economically ...
... environmentally, socially and economically most effective if they are based on relevant scientific, technical and economic considerations and continually re-evaluated in the light of new findings in these areas, Recognizing that various actions to address climate change can be justified economically ...
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... trading. The program has become a model for policymakers in the United States and in other countries that are considering cap-and-trade programs to reduce emissions. Once a theoretical option discussed only by economists, emissions trading is now considered a mainstream policy instrument in the Unit ...
... trading. The program has become a model for policymakers in the United States and in other countries that are considering cap-and-trade programs to reduce emissions. Once a theoretical option discussed only by economists, emissions trading is now considered a mainstream policy instrument in the Unit ...
DOC - Climate Change Authority
... The taskforce will propose possible post-2020 targets for Australia to take to the Paris Conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 2015, when all countries will be expected to sign off on their post-2020 contributions. The taskforce has released an ...
... The taskforce will propose possible post-2020 targets for Australia to take to the Paris Conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 2015, when all countries will be expected to sign off on their post-2020 contributions. The taskforce has released an ...
Role
... Barrett (2008) defines adaptation in an ICA as taking place after coalition is in place and hence ineffective in signaling other members. No credible threat. Zehaie (2009) assumes adaptation takes place before mitigation cooperation and has a strategic role, by increasing the other regions mitigatio ...
... Barrett (2008) defines adaptation in an ICA as taking place after coalition is in place and hence ineffective in signaling other members. No credible threat. Zehaie (2009) assumes adaptation takes place before mitigation cooperation and has a strategic role, by increasing the other regions mitigatio ...
PART VI Burden Sharing and Development
... particular sub-Saharan Africa, which only generates 2% of global income (World Bank 2015). The location of impacts to GDP therefore matters. Equally important is the fact that the impacts of climate change will be highly heterogeneous within countries. If the impacts mostly affect low-income people, ...
... particular sub-Saharan Africa, which only generates 2% of global income (World Bank 2015). The location of impacts to GDP therefore matters. Equally important is the fact that the impacts of climate change will be highly heterogeneous within countries. If the impacts mostly affect low-income people, ...
From adaptation to climate-resilient development: the costs of climate-proofing the Millennium Development Goals in Africa (388 kB ) (opens in new window)
... form. These models can be used to understand the interaction across sectors within an economy and to factor in economy-wide constraints, for example in the labor market. Much of this latter work has been developed by economists at the World Bank (Bourgignon et al. 2008, Lofgren and Diaz-Bonilla 2008 ...
... form. These models can be used to understand the interaction across sectors within an economy and to factor in economy-wide constraints, for example in the labor market. Much of this latter work has been developed by economists at the World Bank (Bourgignon et al. 2008, Lofgren and Diaz-Bonilla 2008 ...
NAF Public Consultation
... These impacts are expected to increase over the coming decades. Effective actions are needed to reduce vulnerabilities to the negative impacts of climate change, take advantages of opportunities and to increase social, economic and environmental resilience. Adaptation2 can be defined as 'adjustment ...
... These impacts are expected to increase over the coming decades. Effective actions are needed to reduce vulnerabilities to the negative impacts of climate change, take advantages of opportunities and to increase social, economic and environmental resilience. Adaptation2 can be defined as 'adjustment ...
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... In 2007, agricultural emissions accounted for more than 48% of New Zealand‟s total greenhouse gas emissions (Ministry for the Environment, 2009) and 13.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions (IPCC, 2007c)1. The question of what response will effectively address these emissions is of critical importan ...
... In 2007, agricultural emissions accounted for more than 48% of New Zealand‟s total greenhouse gas emissions (Ministry for the Environment, 2009) and 13.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions (IPCC, 2007c)1. The question of what response will effectively address these emissions is of critical importan ...
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... gas (GHG) emissions [IPCC (2007)]. Many prominent studies on the welfare effects of climate change come up with significant cost estimates for the global economy.1 The majority of researchers also agree that there is considerable uncertainty about the magnitude of damages. This uncertainty rapidly i ...
... gas (GHG) emissions [IPCC (2007)]. Many prominent studies on the welfare effects of climate change come up with significant cost estimates for the global economy.1 The majority of researchers also agree that there is considerable uncertainty about the magnitude of damages. This uncertainty rapidly i ...
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... no supra-national authority to impose policy remedies, the solution requires the voluntary cooperation of sovereign states. International treaties, such as the Kyoto Protocol, have made progress in gaining cooperation, at least among industrialized countries.2 One feature of the treaty that helped g ...
... no supra-national authority to impose policy remedies, the solution requires the voluntary cooperation of sovereign states. International treaties, such as the Kyoto Protocol, have made progress in gaining cooperation, at least among industrialized countries.2 One feature of the treaty that helped g ...
Synthesis paper: Perspectives on Loss and Damage
... climate change loss and damages (Hyvarinen, 2012). Others seem to see it as a more targeted approach to deal with negative climate change impacts, embedded in the climate adaptation methodology, while yet other observers highlight L&D as an approach for dealing with resid ...
... climate change loss and damages (Hyvarinen, 2012). Others seem to see it as a more targeted approach to deal with negative climate change impacts, embedded in the climate adaptation methodology, while yet other observers highlight L&D as an approach for dealing with resid ...
Document
... The first Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereafter FCCC or the Convention) was held in Berlin in March 1995. The mandate adopted at the conference, the Berlin Mandate, called for additional international agreements to be negotiated in order to mitigate emiss ...
... The first Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereafter FCCC or the Convention) was held in Berlin in March 1995. The mandate adopted at the conference, the Berlin Mandate, called for additional international agreements to be negotiated in order to mitigate emiss ...
the Disclosure report 2016
... ambitious climate agreement to come into effect in a matter of months. By surpassing expectations, global leaders have inspired millions of citizens across the globe. The deal in Paris marked a watershed moment in the fight against climate change with nearly 200 nations committing to efforts to keep ...
... ambitious climate agreement to come into effect in a matter of months. By surpassing expectations, global leaders have inspired millions of citizens across the globe. The deal in Paris marked a watershed moment in the fight against climate change with nearly 200 nations committing to efforts to keep ...
Togo - unfccc
... Togo is faced with major challenges in respect of adaptation, taking account of today’s climate reality and the expected effects in a more or less faraway future, as the consequences of the announced foreseeable changes. Its needs are identified below, in the form of measures: (i) reinforcing action ...
... Togo is faced with major challenges in respect of adaptation, taking account of today’s climate reality and the expected effects in a more or less faraway future, as the consequences of the announced foreseeable changes. Its needs are identified below, in the form of measures: (i) reinforcing action ...
The role of private investment in increasing climate friendly technologies in developing
... because of perceived risks over fungibility of CERs and EU allowances in the post-2012 EU ETS market.10 Changes in the secondary market provide liquidity; however, the primary market is the relevant one for new investment flows. It is important to note that while there is rapid growth in the overall ...
... because of perceived risks over fungibility of CERs and EU allowances in the post-2012 EU ETS market.10 Changes in the secondary market provide liquidity; however, the primary market is the relevant one for new investment flows. It is important to note that while there is rapid growth in the overall ...
The Kyoto Protocol, Citizens` Suits under the Clean Air Act, and the
... Emissions, 20 NAT'L L. J., Dec. 29, 1997, at B4, col. 1. See also United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, May 29, 1992, U.N. Doc. A:AC.237/18 (1992), reprintedat 31 I.L.M. 849 (1992) [hereinafter Convention]. See also Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climat ...
... Emissions, 20 NAT'L L. J., Dec. 29, 1997, at B4, col. 1. See also United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, May 29, 1992, U.N. Doc. A:AC.237/18 (1992), reprintedat 31 I.L.M. 849 (1992) [hereinafter Convention]. See also Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climat ...
Resolving a Paradox: Can Regionalism Help to Promote A Global
... addressed within multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). Over the past 20 years more than 200 MEAs have been established: a few of them contain specific trade measures whereas the majority do not (UNEP, 2000). However, serious problems can arise when the implementation of MEA obligations requi ...
... addressed within multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). Over the past 20 years more than 200 MEAs have been established: a few of them contain specific trade measures whereas the majority do not (UNEP, 2000). However, serious problems can arise when the implementation of MEA obligations requi ...
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... welfare effects of climate change come up with significant cost estimates for the global economy.1 But the majority of researchers also agrees that there is considerable uncertainty about the magnitude of damages. This uncertainty rapidly increases when the temperature hike exceeds the threshold of ...
... welfare effects of climate change come up with significant cost estimates for the global economy.1 But the majority of researchers also agrees that there is considerable uncertainty about the magnitude of damages. This uncertainty rapidly increases when the temperature hike exceeds the threshold of ...
DISCUSSION PAPER International Technology-Oriented
... through the ETS) provides an incentive for the near-term adoption of GHG-reducing technologies. It also allows for flexibility between industrialized and developing countries in achieving reductions through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which is designed to lead to the adoption of GHG-reduc ...
... through the ETS) provides an incentive for the near-term adoption of GHG-reducing technologies. It also allows for flexibility between industrialized and developing countries in achieving reductions through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which is designed to lead to the adoption of GHG-reduc ...
Community based adaptation to climate change
... complementary. Under this approach, adaptation is not only focused on anticipating enhanced physical risks associated with increased greenhouse gas concentrations. Rather, it also addresses developmental needs such as improving access to livelihoods and productive assets to increase the adaptive cap ...
... complementary. Under this approach, adaptation is not only focused on anticipating enhanced physical risks associated with increased greenhouse gas concentrations. Rather, it also addresses developmental needs such as improving access to livelihoods and productive assets to increase the adaptive cap ...
Forest Sinks and the Kyoto Protocol
... responsibility” for any emissions above that level if it can’t; requires “demonstrable progress” towards meeting its commitments by 2005; only comes into force when 55 countries, representing 55 percent of total developed country CO2 emissions in 1990, have ratified and signed the Kyoto Protocol ...
... responsibility” for any emissions above that level if it can’t; requires “demonstrable progress” towards meeting its commitments by 2005; only comes into force when 55 countries, representing 55 percent of total developed country CO2 emissions in 1990, have ratified and signed the Kyoto Protocol ...
UK Climate action following the Paris Agreement
... greenhouse gases in the air. We already include three such options in our UK scenarios to 2050: bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, afforestation and wood in construction. The full range of potential GGR options is wide and diverse, including management of soils and habitats, biochar, direct ...
... greenhouse gases in the air. We already include three such options in our UK scenarios to 2050: bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, afforestation and wood in construction. The full range of potential GGR options is wide and diverse, including management of soils and habitats, biochar, direct ...
Simple Messages Help Set the Record Straight about Scientific
... 1 in 5 survey respondents (22%) estimated the level of agreement among climate scientists at more than 80%; the most common response was “don’t know” (28% of the sample) with smaller proportions estimating 61–80% (19%), 41–60% (20%), and even lower estimates (10%) [10]. Several explanations have bee ...
... 1 in 5 survey respondents (22%) estimated the level of agreement among climate scientists at more than 80%; the most common response was “don’t know” (28% of the sample) with smaller proportions estimating 61–80% (19%), 41–60% (20%), and even lower estimates (10%) [10]. Several explanations have bee ...
Titill greinar
... Greenhouse gas emissions in Iceland were 4.482 thousand tons in 2007 (CO2 eq.). That amounts to a 32% increase from 1990 levels. Emissions increased in all sectors between 1990 and 2007, except fisheries (18% reduction) and agriculture (7% reduction). The greatest increase in emissions was from the ...
... Greenhouse gas emissions in Iceland were 4.482 thousand tons in 2007 (CO2 eq.). That amounts to a 32% increase from 1990 levels. Emissions increased in all sectors between 1990 and 2007, except fisheries (18% reduction) and agriculture (7% reduction). The greatest increase in emissions was from the ...
A SUCCESSOR FOR THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
... the ability to absorb and re-emit infrared radiation.6 The three main gases that are recognised as GHGs are carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane; however, compounds such as tropospheric ozone and halocarbons are also considered to be GHGs.7 It is widely agreed that the naturally occurring green ...
... the ability to absorb and re-emit infrared radiation.6 The three main gases that are recognised as GHGs are carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane; however, compounds such as tropospheric ozone and halocarbons are also considered to be GHGs.7 It is widely agreed that the naturally occurring green ...