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Energy and Its Forms
Energy and Its Forms

... Energy and Its Forms Describe the relationship between work and energy. Relate kinetic energy to mass and speed. Analyze how potential energy is related to an object’s position and give examples of gravitational and elastic potential energy. Give examples of the major forms of energy and explain how ...
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... Because we consider a time-harmonic E-field, each instantaneous quantity is expressed as the sum of the aforementioned time-averaged quantity and sinusoidal oscillation. We refer to the time average and sinusoidal oscillation as the DC and AC components of the instantaneous quantity, respectively.  ...
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... PS-6.1: Explain how the law of conservation of energy applies to the transformation of various forms of energy (including mechanical energy, electrical energy, chemical energy, light energy, sound energy, and thermal energy). PS-6.2: Explain the factors that determine potential and kinetic energy an ...
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Word doc - GDN - University of Gloucestershire

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Cosmic future of nuclear and particle physics

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... Both you and the speck of dust consist of atoms of matter. So does the ground beneath your feet. In fact, everything you can see and touch is made of matter. The only things that aren’t matter are forms of energy, such as light and sound. Although forms of energy are not matter, the air and other su ...
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... motion. It is also the “energy of position,” which means that an object’s power comes from gravity. Potential energy also appears in several forms. Gravitational energy comes from the potential power gravity can have on the object. Before he jumps from a plane, a skydiver has a great deal of stored, ...
Question paper - Unit A183/02 - Module P7 - Higher tier
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Dark energy



In physical cosmology and astronomy, dark energy is an unknown form of energy which is hypothesized to permeate all of space, tending to accelerate the expansion of the universe. Dark energy is the most accepted hypothesis to explain the observations since the 1990s indicating that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate. Assuming that the standard model of cosmology is correct, the best current measurements indicate that dark energy contributes 68.3% of the total energy in the present-day observable universe. The mass–energy of dark matter and ordinary matter contribute 26.8% and 4.9%, respectively, and other components such as neutrinos and photons contribute a very small amount. Again on a mass–energy equivalence basis, the density of dark energy (6.91 × 10−27 kg/m3) is very low, much less than the density of ordinary matter or dark matter within galaxies. However, it comes to dominate the mass–energy of the universe because it is uniform across space.Two proposed forms for dark energy are the cosmological constant, a constant energy density filling space homogeneously, and scalar fields such as quintessence or moduli, dynamic quantities whose energy density can vary in time and space. Contributions from scalar fields that are constant in space are usually also included in the cosmological constant. The cosmological constant can be formulated to be equivalent to vacuum energy. Scalar fields that do change in space can be difficult to distinguish from a cosmological constant because the change may be extremely slow.High-precision measurements of the expansion of the universe are required to understand how the expansion rate changes over time and space. In general relativity, the evolution of the expansion rate is parameterized by the cosmological equation of state (the relationship between temperature, pressure, and combined matter, energy, and vacuum energy density for any region of space). Measuring the equation of state for dark energy is one of the biggest efforts in observational cosmology today.Adding the cosmological constant to cosmology's standard FLRW metric leads to the Lambda-CDM model, which has been referred to as the ""standard model of cosmology"" because of its precise agreement with observations. Dark energy has been used as a crucial ingredient in a recent attempt to formulate a cyclic model for the universe.
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