Introduction to Syntax Level 1 Course
... A construction is • (a) a complex linguistic form that is noncompositional (it is not just the sum total of its components). • (b) It has its own form and function (meaning). • (c) It is not a product of derivation from another construction. • Sentence patterns are (a) complex noncompositional ling ...
... A construction is • (a) a complex linguistic form that is noncompositional (it is not just the sum total of its components). • (b) It has its own form and function (meaning). • (c) It is not a product of derivation from another construction. • Sentence patterns are (a) complex noncompositional ling ...
The syntax and semantics of internally headed relative clauses in
... similar to a rule proposed by Jackendoff (1977) that allows ‘category-switching’ ”. That rule is: xi → af → yi The difference, according to Culy, is that in an IHRC construction the two categories N′ and S are not at the same level. Culy’s argument for this structure is as follows: N′ dominates S be ...
... similar to a rule proposed by Jackendoff (1977) that allows ‘category-switching’ ”. That rule is: xi → af → yi The difference, according to Culy, is that in an IHRC construction the two categories N′ and S are not at the same level. Culy’s argument for this structure is as follows: N′ dominates S be ...
General Semantics and Non-Declarative Sentences
... semantics for natural languages. Binders, for example, do not occur at the surface level of any natural language. Moreover, word orderings will be odd at the base level. A transformational grammar specifies a representation relation between meanings at the “lowest” level and expressions the “top” le ...
... semantics for natural languages. Binders, for example, do not occur at the surface level of any natural language. Moreover, word orderings will be odd at the base level. A transformational grammar specifies a representation relation between meanings at the “lowest” level and expressions the “top” le ...
Non-Constituent Coordination: Prosody, Not Movement Benjamin
... always be a constituent: everything but Spec-XP is a constituent (X), and everything but X is a constituent (complement of X). This will not always be the case when prosodic categories are targeted. Moreover, ellipsis operating on syntactic categories will generally strand material on the left and d ...
... always be a constituent: everything but Spec-XP is a constituent (X), and everything but X is a constituent (complement of X). This will not always be the case when prosodic categories are targeted. Moreover, ellipsis operating on syntactic categories will generally strand material on the left and d ...
The emergence of (un)natural classes Innate feature theory predicts
... /l/, which patterns as [+continuant] in some languages and as [–continuant] in others). It is shown that EFT correctly predicts that ambivalent segments will be those which are phonetically ambiguous with respect to a given opposition, and therefore are able to be involved in generalizations origina ...
... /l/, which patterns as [+continuant] in some languages and as [–continuant] in others). It is shown that EFT correctly predicts that ambivalent segments will be those which are phonetically ambiguous with respect to a given opposition, and therefore are able to be involved in generalizations origina ...
Conjunction reduction and gapping in clause-level
... Before entering the empirical arena 1 wish t o point out that the remainder of this paper will be based on evidence from Dutch rather than English. Dutch, my native language, features considerable word order variation, in particular between main clauses (SVO, VSO) and subordinate clauses (SOV). This ...
... Before entering the empirical arena 1 wish t o point out that the remainder of this paper will be based on evidence from Dutch rather than English. Dutch, my native language, features considerable word order variation, in particular between main clauses (SVO, VSO) and subordinate clauses (SOV). This ...
noun phrase
... • impersonal reference to potential visitors: people (plural noun)— subject of noun clause [that] people … • modal will implies a wish for the future • the only example with a formal closing token (subscription)—more like written language (letter); suggests lack of familiarity with genre. ...
... • impersonal reference to potential visitors: people (plural noun)— subject of noun clause [that] people … • modal will implies a wish for the future • the only example with a formal closing token (subscription)—more like written language (letter); suggests lack of familiarity with genre. ...
noun phrase
... • impersonal reference to potential visitors: people (plural noun)— subject of noun clause [that] people … • modal will implies a wish for the future • the only example with a formal closing token (subscription)—more like written language (letter); suggests lack of familiarity with genre. ...
... • impersonal reference to potential visitors: people (plural noun)— subject of noun clause [that] people … • modal will implies a wish for the future • the only example with a formal closing token (subscription)—more like written language (letter); suggests lack of familiarity with genre. ...
Why are `as soon as` clauses marked for predicate
... Avatime (Niger-Congo, Kwa) – left-dislocation (mostly in complement clauses, ...
... Avatime (Niger-Congo, Kwa) – left-dislocation (mostly in complement clauses, ...
Absolute Phrases one skill
... Definitions and Examples Note: If students aren’t familiar with participles, then a lesson on participles is necessary before undertaking this lesson. There are lessons on participles on the LTF website that would be appropriate: Is It a Verb or Verbal or Participial Phrases—One Skill at a Time. Her ...
... Definitions and Examples Note: If students aren’t familiar with participles, then a lesson on participles is necessary before undertaking this lesson. There are lessons on participles on the LTF website that would be appropriate: Is It a Verb or Verbal or Participial Phrases—One Skill at a Time. Her ...
22 Fragments
... The following chart lists common subordinating conjunctions based on the relationships they express. Subordinating Conjunctions and the Relationships They Express Cause as because in order that now that since so ...
... The following chart lists common subordinating conjunctions based on the relationships they express. Subordinating Conjunctions and the Relationships They Express Cause as because in order that now that since so ...
E89-1001
... Idioms have been at stake in many linguistic discussions since the early transformational grammars, but no exhaustive work based on extensive listings of idioms have been pursued before Gross 1982. We rely on L.A.D.L.'s work for French that studied 8000 frozen sentences, 20, 000 frozen nouns and 600 ...
... Idioms have been at stake in many linguistic discussions since the early transformational grammars, but no exhaustive work based on extensive listings of idioms have been pursued before Gross 1982. We rely on L.A.D.L.'s work for French that studied 8000 frozen sentences, 20, 000 frozen nouns and 600 ...
湖南省第一师范学院外语系备课用纸
... 2 Ellipsis in complex sentences In complex sentences, ellipsis commonly occurs in subordinate clauses, while in main clauses only the initial elements are likely to be ellipted. 1) Ellipsis in main clauses In informal style, the initial elements of some utterances are often omitted. This kind of ell ...
... 2 Ellipsis in complex sentences In complex sentences, ellipsis commonly occurs in subordinate clauses, while in main clauses only the initial elements are likely to be ellipted. 1) Ellipsis in main clauses In informal style, the initial elements of some utterances are often omitted. This kind of ell ...
ContextFreePumpingLemma
... • Therefore, there must be two occurrences of the same variable on a path from root to a leaf. • Consider the last two occurrences of the same variable (say A) on that path. • They determine a factorization of the yield w=xuyvz as in the picture on the next slide ...
... • Therefore, there must be two occurrences of the same variable on a path from root to a leaf. • Consider the last two occurrences of the same variable (say A) on that path. • They determine a factorization of the yield w=xuyvz as in the picture on the next slide ...
Information Structure and Unmarked Word order in (Older) Germanic
... adverb follows the verb that it modifies, which is typical of VO-languages and ungrammatical in OV-languages. Likewise in (4), while the subject follows the selecting verb (and the auxiliary), the participle precedes the auxiliary, as is typical in OV-languages. Given this state of affairs, the ques ...
... adverb follows the verb that it modifies, which is typical of VO-languages and ungrammatical in OV-languages. Likewise in (4), while the subject follows the selecting verb (and the auxiliary), the participle precedes the auxiliary, as is typical in OV-languages. Given this state of affairs, the ques ...
segmentation of french sentences - Association for Computational
... The programme might be useful for obtaining more interesting concordances. The computer has often been thought of as a means for the linguist of obtaining better documentation than that of the oldfashioned card-index made manually by the linguist himself; but if the computer is to replace the old ca ...
... The programme might be useful for obtaining more interesting concordances. The computer has often been thought of as a means for the linguist of obtaining better documentation than that of the oldfashioned card-index made manually by the linguist himself; but if the computer is to replace the old ca ...
Revision of English III Grammar
... below. Write the correction (if there is one) in the space by the side of the clause. b) State what type of clause it is, even if it is not a nominal clause, and c) state what its function in the sentence is. (The first one has been done for you). (1) That I want to do (What); Nominal ‘that’ clause; ...
... below. Write the correction (if there is one) in the space by the side of the clause. b) State what type of clause it is, even if it is not a nominal clause, and c) state what its function in the sentence is. (The first one has been done for you). (1) That I want to do (What); Nominal ‘that’ clause; ...
Infinitive phrase, gerund phrase, appositive phrase, participial
... of course ("the tall and brilliant professor"); a participial phrase ("the. Vocatives are like adverbs: they can pop up almost anywhere in the sentence.A phrase is two or more words that do not contain the subject-verb pair necessary to form a clause.. infinitive phrase, participle phrase, gerund ph ...
... of course ("the tall and brilliant professor"); a participial phrase ("the. Vocatives are like adverbs: they can pop up almost anywhere in the sentence.A phrase is two or more words that do not contain the subject-verb pair necessary to form a clause.. infinitive phrase, participle phrase, gerund ph ...
Clause Identification and Classification in Bengali
... Translation, parallel corpora alignment, Information Extraction and speech applications. Grammatically a clause is a group of words having a subject and a predicate of its own, but forming part of a sentence. Clause boundary identification of natural language sentences poses considerable difficultie ...
... Translation, parallel corpora alignment, Information Extraction and speech applications. Grammatically a clause is a group of words having a subject and a predicate of its own, but forming part of a sentence. Clause boundary identification of natural language sentences poses considerable difficultie ...
Cognitive Primitives of Collective Intentions
... parts of our mental ontology, that is, the collection of concepts by which individuals’ behavior is planned, rationalized, and explained. It is very challenging, purely within the context of the theory of collective action, to find evidence that decides between Searle’s non-reductionist and the Bach ...
... parts of our mental ontology, that is, the collection of concepts by which individuals’ behavior is planned, rationalized, and explained. It is very challenging, purely within the context of the theory of collective action, to find evidence that decides between Searle’s non-reductionist and the Bach ...
Tilburg University Anaphora and the logic of
... Some of the men stored may not have ordered a beer, but states in which the value of v1 did not order a beer will be ruled out by (2)’s next sentence. How does (2)’s second sentence manage to rule out such states? This question brings us to the third syntactic construct of dynamic logic in the list ...
... Some of the men stored may not have ordered a beer, but states in which the value of v1 did not order a beer will be ruled out by (2)’s next sentence. How does (2)’s second sentence manage to rule out such states? This question brings us to the third syntactic construct of dynamic logic in the list ...
Automatic Detection of Grammar Elements that Decrease Readability
... the check list; in this list, we should define every Japanese grammar element and its readability level. A grammar element is a grammatical phenomenon concerned with readability, and its readability level indicates the familiarity of the grammar element. In Japanese, grammar elements are classified ...
... the check list; in this list, we should define every Japanese grammar element and its readability level. A grammar element is a grammatical phenomenon concerned with readability, and its readability level indicates the familiarity of the grammar element. In Japanese, grammar elements are classified ...
Brno Studies in English Volume 38, No. 1, 2012 ISSN 0524
... central morphological and syntactic sections of the grammar. Part II, containing Chapters 2, 3 and 4, gives an account of the internal structure of words and their formation, describes particular parts of speech and introduces grammatical functions and semantic roles as they are used in the study of ...
... central morphological and syntactic sections of the grammar. Part II, containing Chapters 2, 3 and 4, gives an account of the internal structure of words and their formation, describes particular parts of speech and introduces grammatical functions and semantic roles as they are used in the study of ...
Syntactic analysis of Arabic adverb`s between Arabic and English: X
... Arabic language has a lot of transferable constituents. In this paper, the order of the sentences easily changes from SVO to other states. The applications of X bar theory on Arabic language sentences show the differences and indiscernible constituents structures among languages. The basic claim is ...
... Arabic language has a lot of transferable constituents. In this paper, the order of the sentences easily changes from SVO to other states. The applications of X bar theory on Arabic language sentences show the differences and indiscernible constituents structures among languages. The basic claim is ...
from senri.ed.jp
... speaker of that language pronounces them”. (Myers-Scotton, 2006:223) For example, in my study, when the two siblings call each other by name, there is no difference in pronunciation whether it is in a Japanese or an English clause. Monolingual people pronounce their names differently. e.g. Japanese ...
... speaker of that language pronounces them”. (Myers-Scotton, 2006:223) For example, in my study, when the two siblings call each other by name, there is no difference in pronunciation whether it is in a Japanese or an English clause. Monolingual people pronounce their names differently. e.g. Japanese ...
Antisymmetry
In linguistics, antisymmetry is a theory of syntactic linearization presented in Richard Kayne's 1994 monograph The Antisymmetry of Syntax. The crux of this theory is that hierarchical structure in natural language maps universally onto a particular surface linearization, namely specifier-head-complement branching order. The theory derives a version of X-bar theory. Kayne hypothesizes that all phrases whose surface order is not specifier-head-complement have undergone movements that disrupt this underlying order. Subsequently, there have also been attempts at deriving specifier-complement-head as the basic word order.Antisymmetry as a principle of word order is reliant on assumptions that many theories of syntax dispute, e.g. constituency structure (as opposed to dependency structure), X-bar notions such as specifier and complement, and the existence of ordering altering mechanisms such as movement and/or copying.