Basic English Grammar with Exercises
... linguist – and what things to get excited about – but what linguistic theory has to offer for the understanding of the English language. Many introductory text books in syntax use language data as a way of justifying the theory, so what they are about is the linguistic theory rather than the languag ...
... linguist – and what things to get excited about – but what linguistic theory has to offer for the understanding of the English language. Many introductory text books in syntax use language data as a way of justifying the theory, so what they are about is the linguistic theory rather than the languag ...
Where the Past is in the Perfect
... uses. To finesse this terminological dilemma, I will refer to the participle henceforth as the pparticiple. In some languages, such as French and Austrian German, the perfect construction is the standard tense/aspect form used to report past-time events. In many other languages, including English, t ...
... uses. To finesse this terminological dilemma, I will refer to the participle henceforth as the pparticiple. In some languages, such as French and Austrian German, the perfect construction is the standard tense/aspect form used to report past-time events. In many other languages, including English, t ...
Chapter 7: Linking syntax and semantics in complex sentences
... In this chapter the linking between semantic representations and syntactic representations in complex sentences is explored. An important question to be investigated is the extent to which the linking algorithms proposed in Chapter 5 for simple sentences must be modified to deal with complex sentenc ...
... In this chapter the linking between semantic representations and syntactic representations in complex sentences is explored. An important question to be investigated is the extent to which the linking algorithms proposed in Chapter 5 for simple sentences must be modified to deal with complex sentenc ...
Adverb clause of manner answer the question
... which is an element of sentence are divided into 2 types: (1) independent Clause (main clause or principle clause) and (2) dependent clause (subordinate or sub clause). 1.1 Independent clauses An independent clause is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of a sentence. It can s ...
... which is an element of sentence are divided into 2 types: (1) independent Clause (main clause or principle clause) and (2) dependent clause (subordinate or sub clause). 1.1 Independent clauses An independent clause is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of a sentence. It can s ...
Objects in Resultatives
... ∧ JflatK(. . .)(er ) ∧ Pat(ec , c) ∧ Ag(ec , a) . . . b. J Ozzy sing his throat hoarse K = ∃ec ∃em ∃er .K(ec , em , er ) ∧ JsingK(. . .)(em ) ∧ JhoarseK(. . .)(er ) ∧ Pat(ec , t) ∧ Ag(ec , o) . . . c. J The cutlet freeze solid K = ∃ec ∃em ∃er .K(ec , em , er ) ∧ JfreezeK(. . .)(em ) ∧ JsolidK(. . .) ...
... ∧ JflatK(. . .)(er ) ∧ Pat(ec , c) ∧ Ag(ec , a) . . . b. J Ozzy sing his throat hoarse K = ∃ec ∃em ∃er .K(ec , em , er ) ∧ JsingK(. . .)(em ) ∧ JhoarseK(. . .)(er ) ∧ Pat(ec , t) ∧ Ag(ec , o) . . . c. J The cutlet freeze solid K = ∃ec ∃em ∃er .K(ec , em , er ) ∧ JfreezeK(. . .)(em ) ∧ JsolidK(. . .) ...
ARCHIVEr JUN 30 1975
... language universals have been created to account for the differences. However, as I intend to show, there are crucial differences between Navajo and existing descriptions of other verb final languages, differences requiring a reexamination of some fairly well-accepted universal constraints on langua ...
... language universals have been created to account for the differences. However, as I intend to show, there are crucial differences between Navajo and existing descriptions of other verb final languages, differences requiring a reexamination of some fairly well-accepted universal constraints on langua ...
Semantic Roles of Adverbial Participial Clauses
... sentence structure. These adjuncts may perform a variety of semantic roles. According to Kortmann (1991: 119), “the process of identifying some logical role(s) for a given free adjunct/absolute is essentially determined by a scale on which the semantic relations in principle available to these const ...
... sentence structure. These adjuncts may perform a variety of semantic roles. According to Kortmann (1991: 119), “the process of identifying some logical role(s) for a given free adjunct/absolute is essentially determined by a scale on which the semantic relations in principle available to these const ...
PSSA Review - Belle Vernon Area
... George is a dedicated player who participates on the soccer team and who always joins together with his fellow teammates for a snack after practice. Which is the best way to revise the sentence to remove the unnecessary word or words? A. George is on the soccer team and joins together with his fello ...
... George is a dedicated player who participates on the soccer team and who always joins together with his fellow teammates for a snack after practice. Which is the best way to revise the sentence to remove the unnecessary word or words? A. George is on the soccer team and joins together with his fello ...
Introduction with a State of the Art in Generative Slovenian Syntax
... interpretations are claimed to be related to two different applicative projections, one merged higher than the VP and the other merged directly with the direct object. The most obvious prediction of this proposal that Pylkkänen (2002, 2008) does not discuss is the existence of two dative arguments i ...
... interpretations are claimed to be related to two different applicative projections, one merged higher than the VP and the other merged directly with the direct object. The most obvious prediction of this proposal that Pylkkänen (2002, 2008) does not discuss is the existence of two dative arguments i ...
Lambrecht 2000
... In previous work (Lambrecht 1986, 1994) I have argued that the pragmatic structuring of propositions into presupposed and non-presupposed portions is done cross-linguistically in terms of a small number of types of focus articulation or , which correspond to different types of communi ...
... In previous work (Lambrecht 1986, 1994) I have argued that the pragmatic structuring of propositions into presupposed and non-presupposed portions is done cross-linguistically in terms of a small number of types of focus articulation or , which correspond to different types of communi ...
Long Head Movement is Short Head Movement
... front of a sluicing gap (5b). Something similar can be observed for clitic auxiliaries in SC: VP-topicalisation is impossible if the trace of the VP directly follows a clitic auxiliary. This is shown by (5c). ...
... front of a sluicing gap (5b). Something similar can be observed for clitic auxiliaries in SC: VP-topicalisation is impossible if the trace of the VP directly follows a clitic auxiliary. This is shown by (5c). ...
English Answer Key
... Choice D is the best answer. In lines 77-82, the narrator provides evidence that Mrs. Quabarl appears imposing, or autocratic, but is easily defied, or opposed: “She was one of those imperfectly self-assured individuals who are magnificent and autocratic as long as they are not seriously opposed. Th ...
... Choice D is the best answer. In lines 77-82, the narrator provides evidence that Mrs. Quabarl appears imposing, or autocratic, but is easily defied, or opposed: “She was one of those imperfectly self-assured individuals who are magnificent and autocratic as long as they are not seriously opposed. Th ...
Chapter 18: Gene Pathway Text Mining and Visualization
... limiting the type of combinations that occur are thus implicit by the absence of such parsing rules. With a greater number of tags, parsing rules must be explicitly written for each word class. When a rule is created and added to the system, it may be correct based on syntax, semantics, or some comb ...
... limiting the type of combinations that occur are thus implicit by the absence of such parsing rules. With a greater number of tags, parsing rules must be explicitly written for each word class. When a rule is created and added to the system, it may be correct based on syntax, semantics, or some comb ...
Syntactic transfer in a Cantonese±English bilingual child*
... This paper reports ®ndings on the syntactic development of a Cantonese±English bilingual child in Hong Kong, demonstrating a wide range of transfer effects from Cantonese to English. The speci®c ways in which Cantonese in¯uence manifests itself in the development of English in the bilingual subject ...
... This paper reports ®ndings on the syntactic development of a Cantonese±English bilingual child in Hong Kong, demonstrating a wide range of transfer effects from Cantonese to English. The speci®c ways in which Cantonese in¯uence manifests itself in the development of English in the bilingual subject ...
What`s X Doing Y? page 1 Revision of May 26, 1997 Grammatical
... rooted trees whose nodes correspond to feature structures. A construction (e.g., the subject-auxiliary inversion construction) is a set of conditions licensing a class of actual constructs of a language (e.g., the class of English inverted clauses, including all of those in (1) above). Often a const ...
... rooted trees whose nodes correspond to feature structures. A construction (e.g., the subject-auxiliary inversion construction) is a set of conditions licensing a class of actual constructs of a language (e.g., the class of English inverted clauses, including all of those in (1) above). Often a const ...
Coordinating constructions in Fongbe with - Archipel
... Another difference between the clauses coordinated by b‡ or by bó lies in the fact that, when the two clauses are coordinated by b‡, the subject of the second conjunct clause must be overt, as in (5) and (7), and when the two clauses are coordinated by bó, the subject of the second conjunct must be ...
... Another difference between the clauses coordinated by b‡ or by bó lies in the fact that, when the two clauses are coordinated by b‡, the subject of the second conjunct clause must be overt, as in (5) and (7), and when the two clauses are coordinated by bó, the subject of the second conjunct must be ...
Lola Oliva Asencio Gabriela Torres Silva B1 IC RELATIVE
... relative clauses, identify a noun more clearly. They make clear which person or thing we are talking about. If a defining relative clause is removed, the meaning of the sentence changes significantly. They are often used in definitions. A defining relative clause is not separated from the rest of th ...
... relative clauses, identify a noun more clearly. They make clear which person or thing we are talking about. If a defining relative clause is removed, the meaning of the sentence changes significantly. They are often used in definitions. A defining relative clause is not separated from the rest of th ...
Subordinate clauses, switch-reference, and tail-head
... of Papuan languages use nominals (nouns or anaphoric pronouns) very infrequently. When they do so, they normally express no more than one nominal per clause, and tend to reserve that one nominal for encoding new information. As a result, these languages do not use nominals to track given, active ref ...
... of Papuan languages use nominals (nouns or anaphoric pronouns) very infrequently. When they do so, they normally express no more than one nominal per clause, and tend to reserve that one nominal for encoding new information. As a result, these languages do not use nominals to track given, active ref ...
What is Syntax? - Columbia University
... S NP VP o VP V NP o NP DetP N | AdjP NP o AdjP Adj | Adv AdjP o N boy | girl o V sees | likes o Adj big | small o Adv very o DetP a | the the very small boy likes a girl o ...
... S NP VP o VP V NP o NP DetP N | AdjP NP o AdjP Adj | Adv AdjP o N boy | girl o V sees | likes o Adj big | small o Adv very o DetP a | the the very small boy likes a girl o ...
PROGRESSIVE STRUCTURES OF ENGLISH AND CATALAN
... As far as V-ing postnominal clauses are concerned, two essential issues are the properties of the head Act and the adjunction site of ActP. Essentially, a V-ing clause is an ActP (the projection of the head Act) with a VP complement. Following Kayne (1994) -who, in turn, follows Vergnaud (1984)--1 p ...
... As far as V-ing postnominal clauses are concerned, two essential issues are the properties of the head Act and the adjunction site of ActP. Essentially, a V-ing clause is an ActP (the projection of the head Act) with a VP complement. Following Kayne (1994) -who, in turn, follows Vergnaud (1984)--1 p ...
CONTENTS
... sentence is not restricted. In written discourse they are ordinarily the most clearly marked units smaller than paragraphs and larger than words: capital letters begin them, periods or their equivalents, marks of punctuation, end them. It is important to observe that most sentences are contextually ...
... sentence is not restricted. In written discourse they are ordinarily the most clearly marked units smaller than paragraphs and larger than words: capital letters begin them, periods or their equivalents, marks of punctuation, end them. It is important to observe that most sentences are contextually ...
IBM Research Report Using Slot Grammar Michael C. McCord
... emphasis, etc.) is the same as in (2) above. The sentence analysis in Figure 2 uses the same complement slot frame (3) (subj, obj, iobj) as that in Figure 1. In both cases, the frame comes from the same word sense entry for give in the lexicon. But the iobj slot is filled differently in the two sent ...
... emphasis, etc.) is the same as in (2) above. The sentence analysis in Figure 2 uses the same complement slot frame (3) (subj, obj, iobj) as that in Figure 1. In both cases, the frame comes from the same word sense entry for give in the lexicon. But the iobj slot is filled differently in the two sent ...
Presentation sentences in fiction and academic prose: a syntactico
... realisation of the dynamic semantic function of Specification. The textual aspects concern the correlation between the type of presentation sentence, its location within a paragraph and its textual function. All the above-mentioned aspects are examined in sentences excerpted from texts of two differ ...
... realisation of the dynamic semantic function of Specification. The textual aspects concern the correlation between the type of presentation sentence, its location within a paragraph and its textual function. All the above-mentioned aspects are examined in sentences excerpted from texts of two differ ...
commas - Bucks County Community College
... Independent clause + comma + coordinating + independent clause. conjunction 15. The students opened their crisp, new notebooks. Two adjectives that can be interchanged 16. The band stopped playing after the roof began to leak. Independent clause + no comma + dependent clause. 17. My car ran beautifu ...
... Independent clause + comma + coordinating + independent clause. conjunction 15. The students opened their crisp, new notebooks. Two adjectives that can be interchanged 16. The band stopped playing after the roof began to leak. Independent clause + no comma + dependent clause. 17. My car ran beautifu ...
commas - Bucks County Community College
... Independent clause + comma + coordinating + independent clause. conjunction 15. The students opened their crisp, new notebooks. Two adjectives that can be interchanged 16. The band stopped playing after the roof began to leak. Independent clause + no comma + dependent clause. 17. My car ran beautifu ...
... Independent clause + comma + coordinating + independent clause. conjunction 15. The students opened their crisp, new notebooks. Two adjectives that can be interchanged 16. The band stopped playing after the roof began to leak. Independent clause + no comma + dependent clause. 17. My car ran beautifu ...
Antisymmetry
In linguistics, antisymmetry is a theory of syntactic linearization presented in Richard Kayne's 1994 monograph The Antisymmetry of Syntax. The crux of this theory is that hierarchical structure in natural language maps universally onto a particular surface linearization, namely specifier-head-complement branching order. The theory derives a version of X-bar theory. Kayne hypothesizes that all phrases whose surface order is not specifier-head-complement have undergone movements that disrupt this underlying order. Subsequently, there have also been attempts at deriving specifier-complement-head as the basic word order.Antisymmetry as a principle of word order is reliant on assumptions that many theories of syntax dispute, e.g. constituency structure (as opposed to dependency structure), X-bar notions such as specifier and complement, and the existence of ordering altering mechanisms such as movement and/or copying.