Natural and forced air temperature variability in the Labrador region
... indices demonstrating strong statistical relations with LATs (p value <0.05) were considered for inclusion in the ensemble of multiple regression models. The models were selected based on the Akaike information criterion (AIC), adjusted R2, degrees of collinearity (variance inflation factor, see Dor ...
... indices demonstrating strong statistical relations with LATs (p value <0.05) were considered for inclusion in the ensemble of multiple regression models. The models were selected based on the Akaike information criterion (AIC), adjusted R2, degrees of collinearity (variance inflation factor, see Dor ...
nicpp final report
... [IPCC-TAR 2001] was noteworthy for its use of spurious scientific papers to back up its SPM claim of “new and stronger evidence” of anthropogenic global warming. One of these was the so called ‘hockey-stick’ paper, an analysis of proxy data, which claimed the twentieth century was the warmest in the ...
... [IPCC-TAR 2001] was noteworthy for its use of spurious scientific papers to back up its SPM claim of “new and stronger evidence” of anthropogenic global warming. One of these was the so called ‘hockey-stick’ paper, an analysis of proxy data, which claimed the twentieth century was the warmest in the ...
The Economics of Hurricanes and Implications
... has been no significant change in the nominal national capital–output ratio in recent decades (based on BEA data). However, the market value of household real estate has risen at 0.20% per year over the 1952–2006 period (based on Federal Reserve Flow of Funds data). Moreover, there has been rapid po ...
... has been no significant change in the nominal national capital–output ratio in recent decades (based on BEA data). However, the market value of household real estate has risen at 0.20% per year over the 1952–2006 period (based on Federal Reserve Flow of Funds data). Moreover, there has been rapid po ...
Valuing the Ocean: Draft Executive Summary
... over the last five decades, doubled to 3.1mm per year in the 1990s, and were 2.5mm per year in the period 2003–2007. Sea level rise is caused by melting glaciers and ice caps, loss of ice from major ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, thermal expansion of the ocean, and changes in terrestrial st ...
... over the last five decades, doubled to 3.1mm per year in the 1990s, and were 2.5mm per year in the period 2003–2007. Sea level rise is caused by melting glaciers and ice caps, loss of ice from major ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, thermal expansion of the ocean, and changes in terrestrial st ...
Climatic drivers of potential hazards in Mediterranean coasts
... tangential surface wind stress on the ocean surface and the atmospheric pressure gradients associated with the weather systems (Kurian et al. 2009). This, combined with anthropogenic global warming, is expected to contribute to an increase in flooding frequencies during this century and beyond. Sea- ...
... tangential surface wind stress on the ocean surface and the atmospheric pressure gradients associated with the weather systems (Kurian et al. 2009). This, combined with anthropogenic global warming, is expected to contribute to an increase in flooding frequencies during this century and beyond. Sea- ...
Evolution of marine storminess in the Belgian part of the North Sea
... circulation patterns. The sea surges were calculated by subtracting the corresponding astronomical tides from the daily maximum sea level heights. A rising trend of 3 mm yr−1 can be observed. Extreme surge heights are defined in Ullmann and Monbaliu (2010) as the surge heights above the 99th percent ...
... circulation patterns. The sea surges were calculated by subtracting the corresponding astronomical tides from the daily maximum sea level heights. A rising trend of 3 mm yr−1 can be observed. Extreme surge heights are defined in Ullmann and Monbaliu (2010) as the surge heights above the 99th percent ...
PLATE TECTONICS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
... Panthalasia Ocean. In central Pangea, mean summer temperatures were at least 6–10 C warmer than today’s continental interiors, with daytime high temperatures reaching 50 C in some locations (Crowley and North, 1996). Extreme aridity dominated the continental interiors because most atmospheric wa ...
... Panthalasia Ocean. In central Pangea, mean summer temperatures were at least 6–10 C warmer than today’s continental interiors, with daytime high temperatures reaching 50 C in some locations (Crowley and North, 1996). Extreme aridity dominated the continental interiors because most atmospheric wa ...
Solving the paradox of the end of the Little Ice Age in the Alps
... Sorlin mass balance (Figure 2c). Here winter precipitations have been set deliberately to the mean value of the twentieth century in order to remove the influence of its variation with time. In addition, data from Saint Sorlin and Claridenfirn glaciers have been reported in Figure 2c for comparison. ...
... Sorlin mass balance (Figure 2c). Here winter precipitations have been set deliberately to the mean value of the twentieth century in order to remove the influence of its variation with time. In addition, data from Saint Sorlin and Claridenfirn glaciers have been reported in Figure 2c for comparison. ...
Rapid warming of Large Marine Ecosystems
... The Earth’s climate is warming. According to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-2007), the global mean surface air temperature increased by 0.74 °C while the global mean sea surface temperature (SST) rose by 0.67 °C over the last century (Trenberth et ...
... The Earth’s climate is warming. According to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-2007), the global mean surface air temperature increased by 0.74 °C while the global mean sea surface temperature (SST) rose by 0.67 °C over the last century (Trenberth et ...
1 Simulation of Black Sea and Caspian Sea responses to
... the Volga River. Other principal components of the annual water budget are the precipitation and evaporation over the sea: 76 and 362 km3, respectively. A special concern for the climate modelling is the quality of information. Testing based on model-data comparison of monthly (annually) averaged P ...
... the Volga River. Other principal components of the annual water budget are the precipitation and evaporation over the sea: 76 and 362 km3, respectively. A special concern for the climate modelling is the quality of information. Testing based on model-data comparison of monthly (annually) averaged P ...
Future sea level
The rate of global mean sea-level rise (~3 mm/yr; SLR) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century (~2 mm/yr), but the rate of rise is locally variable. Factors contributing to SLR include decreased global ice volume and warming of the ocean. On Greenland, the deficiency between annual ice gained and lost tripled between 1996 and 2007. On Antarctica the deficiency increased by 75%. Mountain glaciers are retreating and the cumulative mean thickness change has accelerated from about −1.8 to −4 m in 1965 to 1970 to about −12 to −14 m in the first decade of the 21st century. From 1961 to 2003, ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 m increased and portions of the deeper ocean are warming.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) projected sea level would reach 0.18 to 0.59 m above present by the end of the 21st century but lacked an estimate of ice flow dynamics calving. Calving was added by Pfeffer et al. (2008) indicating 0.8 to 2 m of SLR by 2100 (favouring the low end of this range). Rahmstorf (2007) estimated SLR will reach 0.5 to 1.4 m by the end of the century. Pielke (2008) points out that observed SLR has exceeded the best case projections thus far. These approximations and others indicate that global mean SLR may reach 1 m by the end of this century. However, sea level is highly variable and planners considering local impacts must take this variability into account.