Central and peripheral chemoreceptors evoke distinct responses in
... pairs of neurons evaluated for short-time scale correlations, similar percentages of reference neurons in each brain region had correlation features indicative of a specific interaction with at least one target neuron: PRG (59.6%), VRC (51.0%) and raphé nuclei (45.8%). The results suggest a brainst ...
... pairs of neurons evaluated for short-time scale correlations, similar percentages of reference neurons in each brain region had correlation features indicative of a specific interaction with at least one target neuron: PRG (59.6%), VRC (51.0%) and raphé nuclei (45.8%). The results suggest a brainst ...
Electrophysiological markers of Rapid Eye Movements in
... Rapid eye movements can be defined as fast rotatory ocular movements. This definition embraces a great variety of eye movements including saccades performed by awake individuals, a phenomenon extensively studied and one of the hallmarks of cognitive sciences. Saccades permit individuals to rapidly m ...
... Rapid eye movements can be defined as fast rotatory ocular movements. This definition embraces a great variety of eye movements including saccades performed by awake individuals, a phenomenon extensively studied and one of the hallmarks of cognitive sciences. Saccades permit individuals to rapidly m ...
The natural hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT, component of Ayahuasca
... was achieved using blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) technique. Anesthesia was as in electrophysiological experiments, and MRI acquisition started 20 min after CLG administration (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.). TurboRARE images covering the whole brain were continuously acquired during 50 min (20 min befo ...
... was achieved using blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) technique. Anesthesia was as in electrophysiological experiments, and MRI acquisition started 20 min after CLG administration (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.). TurboRARE images covering the whole brain were continuously acquired during 50 min (20 min befo ...
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of sleep
... • Many physiological changes do occur during sleep. • Though we know the functions of some physiological changes, there are many that we still do not know. • Present polysomnographic assessment is helpful in clinical situations and in healthy subjects. • But we are still far from adequate assessment ...
... • Many physiological changes do occur during sleep. • Though we know the functions of some physiological changes, there are many that we still do not know. • Present polysomnographic assessment is helpful in clinical situations and in healthy subjects. • But we are still far from adequate assessment ...
The thalamus as a putative biomarker in neurodegenerative disorders
... Some of the early studies of visual pathways reported rapid retrograde cell degeneration in a restricted column of visual thalamus (LGN) following localized lesions in the visual cortex, together with localized visual field losses (Kaas et al., 1972); subsequent trans-neuronal retrograde degeneratio ...
... Some of the early studies of visual pathways reported rapid retrograde cell degeneration in a restricted column of visual thalamus (LGN) following localized lesions in the visual cortex, together with localized visual field losses (Kaas et al., 1972); subsequent trans-neuronal retrograde degeneratio ...
Shape Selectivity in Primate Frontal Eye Field
... conventional, straightforward experimental design used to study single cell responses in visual areas of the “what” pathway, we directly test, for the first time, sensitivity of FEF neurons to simple, 2-D shapes. We also present fMRI evidence using a variety of shape stimuli to provide information a ...
... conventional, straightforward experimental design used to study single cell responses in visual areas of the “what” pathway, we directly test, for the first time, sensitivity of FEF neurons to simple, 2-D shapes. We also present fMRI evidence using a variety of shape stimuli to provide information a ...
Electrophysiological and Pharmacological Evidence for the Role of
... Figure 1. Extracellular recordings of neuronal activity from the NAS of a rat during self-administration trials using chronically implanted microwires. A, Photographic image of oscilloscope traces of an extracellularly recorded action potential. B, Two NAS neurons whose spike activity was recorded f ...
... Figure 1. Extracellular recordings of neuronal activity from the NAS of a rat during self-administration trials using chronically implanted microwires. A, Photographic image of oscilloscope traces of an extracellularly recorded action potential. B, Two NAS neurons whose spike activity was recorded f ...
For Peer Review - diss.fu
... dorsal raphe nuclei (DR). All four nuclei form a complex and coordinated network to evoke appropriate responses to reward-related stimuli. ...
... dorsal raphe nuclei (DR). All four nuclei form a complex and coordinated network to evoke appropriate responses to reward-related stimuli. ...
Frontal Eye Field Sends Delay Activity Related to Movement
... sent from the FEF to the SC contributes to several different functions during saccade generation. Moreover, these results provide the first detailed description of delay activity identified as leaving any part of the prefrontal cortex. We hypothesize that a major, general way in which prefrontal cor ...
... sent from the FEF to the SC contributes to several different functions during saccade generation. Moreover, these results provide the first detailed description of delay activity identified as leaving any part of the prefrontal cortex. We hypothesize that a major, general way in which prefrontal cor ...
C:\Vision\15Higher level Pt 2.wpd
... 1.2.3 on the phylogeny of vision. This material highlights the fact that a selection of primates can no longer be used in research related to the maximum performance of the human visual system. The system contains components and circuits that are either rudimentary or absent in these lower species. ...
... 1.2.3 on the phylogeny of vision. This material highlights the fact that a selection of primates can no longer be used in research related to the maximum performance of the human visual system. The system contains components and circuits that are either rudimentary or absent in these lower species. ...
Measurement of Corpus Callosum in Sudanese Population Using MRI
... Wernicke's area lies in the left temporal lobe (Fig 3). Damage to this area causes Wernicke's aphasia. The individual may speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create new words. They can make speech sounds, however they have difficulty understanding speech an ...
... Wernicke's area lies in the left temporal lobe (Fig 3). Damage to this area causes Wernicke's aphasia. The individual may speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create new words. They can make speech sounds, however they have difficulty understanding speech an ...
Psilocybin Final Project-PDF
... The DMN (Default Mode Network), which includes the medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex, is responsible for introspective thought, self-reflection and ingrained patterns of behavior. If this becomes overly engaged with negative thoughts or cravings it can lead to the previously me ...
... The DMN (Default Mode Network), which includes the medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex, is responsible for introspective thought, self-reflection and ingrained patterns of behavior. If this becomes overly engaged with negative thoughts or cravings it can lead to the previously me ...
Insula function in anorexia nervosa
... related to neuronal activity in the brain or spinal cord. Since then fMRI has become the most used method for brain mapping due to its low invasiveness, no radiation exposure and availability. It has been long known that blood flow is closely related to neuronal activity. When more active, neurons u ...
... related to neuronal activity in the brain or spinal cord. Since then fMRI has become the most used method for brain mapping due to its low invasiveness, no radiation exposure and availability. It has been long known that blood flow is closely related to neuronal activity. When more active, neurons u ...
NEURAL MECHANISMS SUPPORTING THE LEARNING
... associative learning processes and conscious UCS expectancies modulate the expression of UCRs. Few brain imaging studies have used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural substrates that support conditioned UCR diminution. In this previous research, UCR diminution has ...
... associative learning processes and conscious UCS expectancies modulate the expression of UCRs. Few brain imaging studies have used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural substrates that support conditioned UCR diminution. In this previous research, UCR diminution has ...
4 Aromatic Amino Acids in the Brain - Wurtman Lab
... Abstract: This chapter describes the aromatic L‐amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine and the effects on tyrosine metabolism of phenylalanine. Tryptophan and phenylalanine are essential amino acids and must ultimately be derived from dietary proteins; tyrosine is obtained both from dietary proteins an ...
... Abstract: This chapter describes the aromatic L‐amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine and the effects on tyrosine metabolism of phenylalanine. Tryptophan and phenylalanine are essential amino acids and must ultimately be derived from dietary proteins; tyrosine is obtained both from dietary proteins an ...
An investigation of brain processes supporting meditation
... control states, activations have often been found in prefrontal areas (Guo and Pagnoni 2008; Jevning et al. 1996; Lazar et al. 2000; Newberg et al. 2003; Pardo et al. 1991)—in some cases more specifically located in the dorso–lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; Baron Short et al. 2007; Newberg et al. ...
... control states, activations have often been found in prefrontal areas (Guo and Pagnoni 2008; Jevning et al. 1996; Lazar et al. 2000; Newberg et al. 2003; Pardo et al. 1991)—in some cases more specifically located in the dorso–lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; Baron Short et al. 2007; Newberg et al. ...
Amygdala Modulation of Cerebellar Learning
... attention-like mechanism that facilitates cerebellar learning. In contrast to previous theories of amygdala– cerebellum interactions, the sensory gating hypothesis posits that the gating mechanism continues to be necessary for retrieval of cerebellar memory after learning is well established. ...
... attention-like mechanism that facilitates cerebellar learning. In contrast to previous theories of amygdala– cerebellum interactions, the sensory gating hypothesis posits that the gating mechanism continues to be necessary for retrieval of cerebellar memory after learning is well established. ...
The Wick in the Candle of Learning
... University; and 5Department of Economics, National Taiwan University ...
... University; and 5Department of Economics, National Taiwan University ...
The Study of Brain Activity in Sleep
... of arousal-related neurotransmitters) lead cortical and thalamic neurons to enter in a “bistable” state. In this condition, a spontaneous or induced opening of leakage K+ channels triggers a series of membrane currents that produce the slow oscillation. The slow oscillation is characterized by a hyp ...
... of arousal-related neurotransmitters) lead cortical and thalamic neurons to enter in a “bistable” state. In this condition, a spontaneous or induced opening of leakage K+ channels triggers a series of membrane currents that produce the slow oscillation. The slow oscillation is characterized by a hyp ...
K. Lutz, M. Widmer
... work revealed that unexpected presentation of a reward, acting as an unconditioned stimulus, leads to a phasic increase in dopaminergic activity in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area. After classical conditioning of such a reward to a conditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus elicits a ...
... work revealed that unexpected presentation of a reward, acting as an unconditioned stimulus, leads to a phasic increase in dopaminergic activity in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area. After classical conditioning of such a reward to a conditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus elicits a ...
Abstract of “Primate frontal eye fields mediate spatial attention in
... discuss the activity of purely movement neurons because movement related activity in FEF is suppressed during the covert visual search tasks used in the thesis (Thompson et al., 2005). Examples of visually responsive FEF neurons are shown in Chapters 2 and 3. Though FEF receives input from the ventr ...
... discuss the activity of purely movement neurons because movement related activity in FEF is suppressed during the covert visual search tasks used in the thesis (Thompson et al., 2005). Examples of visually responsive FEF neurons are shown in Chapters 2 and 3. Though FEF receives input from the ventr ...
Validation of hippocampal volumes measured using a
... Chicago, IL). The normality of the distribution was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and normal plot. The significance of differences in the ICV and hippocampal volumes between the controls and patients were tested using the t-test. To compare the hippocampal volume, analysis of covariance ( ...
... Chicago, IL). The normality of the distribution was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and normal plot. The significance of differences in the ICV and hippocampal volumes between the controls and patients were tested using the t-test. To compare the hippocampal volume, analysis of covariance ( ...
Auditory cortical processing: Binaural interaction in healthy
... and middle ear, conveys the mechanical vibration of air to the movements of ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes). The conical-shape tympanic membrane moves the manubrium of malleus twice as much as the force would otherwise suggest, and the level action of ossicles further force the movements by a ...
... and middle ear, conveys the mechanical vibration of air to the movements of ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes). The conical-shape tympanic membrane moves the manubrium of malleus twice as much as the force would otherwise suggest, and the level action of ossicles further force the movements by a ...
The Switch of Subthalamic Neurons From an Irregular to a Bursting
... Council directive (86/609/EEC), and complied with rules set forth in the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (publication 80-23). All animals were housed in standard conditions (21 1°C, food and water ad libitum), and all experiments were performed during t ...
... Council directive (86/609/EEC), and complied with rules set forth in the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (publication 80-23). All animals were housed in standard conditions (21 1°C, food and water ad libitum), and all experiments were performed during t ...
Timing in reward and decision processes
... the overestimation of time delays, whereas the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol leads to underestimation of delays [15,16]. Individuals with higher time sensitivity are also more sensitive to stimulant-induced euphoria, suggesting overlapping dopaminergic mechanisms for internal clock and re ...
... the overestimation of time delays, whereas the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol leads to underestimation of delays [15,16]. Individuals with higher time sensitivity are also more sensitive to stimulant-induced euphoria, suggesting overlapping dopaminergic mechanisms for internal clock and re ...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow. This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases.The primary form of fMRI uses the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast, discovered by Seiji Ogawa. This is a type of specialized brain and body scan used to map neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals by imaging the change in blood flow (hemodynamic response) related to energy use by brain cells. Since the early 1990s, fMRI has come to dominate brain mapping research because it does not require people to undergo shots, surgery, or to ingest substances, or be exposed to radiation, etc. Other methods of obtaining contrast are arterial spin labeling and diffusion MRI.The procedure is similar to MRI but uses the change in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood as its basic measure. This measure is frequently corrupted by noise from various sources and hence statistical procedures are used to extract the underlying signal. The resulting brain activation can be presented graphically by color-coding the strength of activation across the brain or the specific region studied. The technique can localize activity to within millimeters but, using standard techniques, no better than within a window of a few seconds.fMRI is used both in the research world, and to a lesser extent, in the clinical world. It can also be combined and complemented with other measures of brain physiology such as EEG and NIRS. Newer methods which improve both spatial and time resolution are being researched, and these largely use biomarkers other than the BOLD signal. Some companies have developed commercial products such as lie detectors based on fMRI techniques, but the research is not believed to be ripe enough for widespread commercialization.