Metabolism
... Glucose Catabolism • Also known as cellular respiration • Yields CO2, H2O and energy • Four general steps in process – Glycolysis – Formation of Acetyl CoA – Krebs cycle – Electron Transport Chain Glycolysis • Breakdown of 6-C molecule (glucose) to two 3-C molecules (pyruvic acid) • In most cells fi ...
... Glucose Catabolism • Also known as cellular respiration • Yields CO2, H2O and energy • Four general steps in process – Glycolysis – Formation of Acetyl CoA – Krebs cycle – Electron Transport Chain Glycolysis • Breakdown of 6-C molecule (glucose) to two 3-C molecules (pyruvic acid) • In most cells fi ...
1 Chemical Organizations in the Central Sugar Metabolism of
... or decrease the reaction rate acting as an inhibitor or repressor. Since algebraic chemistries do not contain modifiers, we have to handle them separately for our analysis as follows. If a reaction does not have modifiers, we take the reaction exactly as it is. In the presence of modifiers, we inspe ...
... or decrease the reaction rate acting as an inhibitor or repressor. Since algebraic chemistries do not contain modifiers, we have to handle them separately for our analysis as follows. If a reaction does not have modifiers, we take the reaction exactly as it is. In the presence of modifiers, we inspe ...
Biochem 2 Recitation #2 Spr 20152102105.pptx
... Regulation of PK. The enzyme is allosterically inhibited by ATP, acetyl-CoA, and long-chain fa (all signs of an abundant energy supply), and the accumulation of fr 1,6-BP triggers its activation. Accumulation of alanine, which can be synthesized from pyruvate in one step, allosterically inhibits PK ...
... Regulation of PK. The enzyme is allosterically inhibited by ATP, acetyl-CoA, and long-chain fa (all signs of an abundant energy supply), and the accumulation of fr 1,6-BP triggers its activation. Accumulation of alanine, which can be synthesized from pyruvate in one step, allosterically inhibits PK ...
0495116572_102921
... Absorption, Transport, & Distribution – Specificity of GLUTs • GLUT1 - basic supply of glucose to cells • GLUT2 - low infinity transporter; glucose from enterocyte to blood • GLUT3 - high-affinity for brain & other glucose-dependent tissues • GLUT4 - insulin sensitive, in muscle & adipose tissues • ...
... Absorption, Transport, & Distribution – Specificity of GLUTs • GLUT1 - basic supply of glucose to cells • GLUT2 - low infinity transporter; glucose from enterocyte to blood • GLUT3 - high-affinity for brain & other glucose-dependent tissues • GLUT4 - insulin sensitive, in muscle & adipose tissues • ...
Macromolecules
... • Take the H- from one glucose molecule and –OH from another • This creates a water molecule, thus the reaction is called dehydration • When we break these bonds (metabolize our food), it requires water and is called hydrolysis • Another reason to stay hydrated! ...
... • Take the H- from one glucose molecule and –OH from another • This creates a water molecule, thus the reaction is called dehydration • When we break these bonds (metabolize our food), it requires water and is called hydrolysis • Another reason to stay hydrated! ...
A dominant mutation in the gene for the Nag
... function has been attributed to this gene. Mutations preventing growth on GlcNAc were first isolated by White (1968). He characterized two alleles in detail, nagB2 and nagA1. The nagB2 mutation prevented growth on both GlcNAc and GlcN while the nagA1 mutation prevented growth on GlcNAc but not GlcN. ...
... function has been attributed to this gene. Mutations preventing growth on GlcNAc were first isolated by White (1968). He characterized two alleles in detail, nagB2 and nagA1. The nagB2 mutation prevented growth on both GlcNAc and GlcN while the nagA1 mutation prevented growth on GlcNAc but not GlcN. ...
Gene expression - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University ...
... Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University ...
Cloning and Effective Induction of Escherichia coli
... pET-ndk as reported in this study. Lactose at 3 to 5 mM was found to be as effective inducer for the expression of other genes such as genes coding for E. coli CMP kinase, adenylate kinase and Tag DNA polymerase that placed under the control of T7 or tac promoter as well (Howhan, Poopanitpan and Por ...
... pET-ndk as reported in this study. Lactose at 3 to 5 mM was found to be as effective inducer for the expression of other genes such as genes coding for E. coli CMP kinase, adenylate kinase and Tag DNA polymerase that placed under the control of T7 or tac promoter as well (Howhan, Poopanitpan and Por ...
The Cell, 5e
... sucrose as its primary incredients, the major carbohydrate products that enter the blood are which of the following: a. glucose b. fructose and galactose c. galactose and glucose d. fructose and glucose e. glucose, galactose and fructose ...
... sucrose as its primary incredients, the major carbohydrate products that enter the blood are which of the following: a. glucose b. fructose and galactose c. galactose and glucose d. fructose and glucose e. glucose, galactose and fructose ...
ppt
... Network inference is a very important active research field. Inference methods allow to construct the topologies of gene-regulatory networks solely from expression data (unsupervised methods). Supervised methods show far better performance. Performance on real data is lower than on synthetic data be ...
... Network inference is a very important active research field. Inference methods allow to construct the topologies of gene-regulatory networks solely from expression data (unsupervised methods). Supervised methods show far better performance. Performance on real data is lower than on synthetic data be ...
1 - PLOS
... Presence of chloroquine on infected mosquito’s blood meal increased transcription of five genes associated with signal transduction, more specifically, transcripts associated with cell-cycle control (prohibitin B cell receptor), regulation of intracellular ion levels (sodium/potassium transporting A ...
... Presence of chloroquine on infected mosquito’s blood meal increased transcription of five genes associated with signal transduction, more specifically, transcripts associated with cell-cycle control (prohibitin B cell receptor), regulation of intracellular ion levels (sodium/potassium transporting A ...
Genetic Approaches to Studying Genome Function
... SUPPRESSION: A given mutation (A) has a discrete phenotype that is not normal, i.e. not wild-type. The presence of the second mutation (B, the suppressor mutation) causes the AB double mutant to display a phenotype that is normal or near-normal. Thus, a suppressor mutation rescues or restores or re ...
... SUPPRESSION: A given mutation (A) has a discrete phenotype that is not normal, i.e. not wild-type. The presence of the second mutation (B, the suppressor mutation) causes the AB double mutant to display a phenotype that is normal or near-normal. Thus, a suppressor mutation rescues or restores or re ...
Student notes in ppt
... and ADP (low energy charge), whereas, it is allosterically inhibited by ATP and citrate (high energy charge). AMP stabilizes the R form of the enzyme (active), and ATP stabilizes the T form (inactive). The activity of pyruvate kinase is controlled by both phosphorylation and allosteric regulation. ...
... and ADP (low energy charge), whereas, it is allosterically inhibited by ATP and citrate (high energy charge). AMP stabilizes the R form of the enzyme (active), and ATP stabilizes the T form (inactive). The activity of pyruvate kinase is controlled by both phosphorylation and allosteric regulation. ...
`Metabolic flux` describes the rate of flow of intermediates through a
... The R-state of PFK promotes binding of F6P; the T-state has low affinity for F6P In T-state (blue), charge repulsion between Glu & F6P disfavors binding ...
... The R-state of PFK promotes binding of F6P; the T-state has low affinity for F6P In T-state (blue), charge repulsion between Glu & F6P disfavors binding ...
Water - University of California, Los Angeles
... The R-state of PFK promotes binding of F6P; the T-state has low affinity for F6P In T-state (blue), charge repulsion between Glu & F6P disfavors binding ...
... The R-state of PFK promotes binding of F6P; the T-state has low affinity for F6P In T-state (blue), charge repulsion between Glu & F6P disfavors binding ...
Digestion of Proteins
... The plant starches amylopectin and amylose, which are present in grains, tubers, and vegetables, constitute approximately 50 to 60% of the carbohydrate calories consumed. These starches are polysaccharides, containing 10,000 to 1 million glucosyl units. ...
... The plant starches amylopectin and amylose, which are present in grains, tubers, and vegetables, constitute approximately 50 to 60% of the carbohydrate calories consumed. These starches are polysaccharides, containing 10,000 to 1 million glucosyl units. ...
MACROMOLECULES - Savitha Sastry
... reaction: One monomer provides an ‘–OH’ and the other provides a ‘-H’ and together these form H2O H2O is REMOVED; Covalent bond is formed between MONOMERS = Polymers are made! Needs ATP and Enzymes Anabolic/biosynthesis reactions use this to make macromolecules for growth/replacement ...
... reaction: One monomer provides an ‘–OH’ and the other provides a ‘-H’ and together these form H2O H2O is REMOVED; Covalent bond is formed between MONOMERS = Polymers are made! Needs ATP and Enzymes Anabolic/biosynthesis reactions use this to make macromolecules for growth/replacement ...
lecture2
... The stomach contents (chyme) is introduced into the duodenum through the pyloric valve. The pancreatic and bile duct. open into the duodenum, their alkaline content neutralizes the pH of the chyme as a result of the influence of the hormones secretin which stimulates flow of pancreatic juice and cho ...
... The stomach contents (chyme) is introduced into the duodenum through the pyloric valve. The pancreatic and bile duct. open into the duodenum, their alkaline content neutralizes the pH of the chyme as a result of the influence of the hormones secretin which stimulates flow of pancreatic juice and cho ...
Optimality models in biology nanocourse @ Harvard
... producing proteins without benefit Use inducer IPTG to produce LacZ, this inducer cannot be metabolized, hence no benefit ...
... producing proteins without benefit Use inducer IPTG to produce LacZ, this inducer cannot be metabolized, hence no benefit ...
L20_StvnWAT
... • After ~2-3 days of starvation, the rate of lipolysis approaches a maximum – FA released into bloodstream [FA]blood – There is a limit to how fast muscles will use FA • rate of b-oxidation depends on the demand of ATP by the muscles • Regeneration of CoA by Krebs cycle needed to keep FA oxida ...
... • After ~2-3 days of starvation, the rate of lipolysis approaches a maximum – FA released into bloodstream [FA]blood – There is a limit to how fast muscles will use FA • rate of b-oxidation depends on the demand of ATP by the muscles • Regeneration of CoA by Krebs cycle needed to keep FA oxida ...
Mutations in Escherichiu coZi that Mutations Distant
... Although the catabolite-sensitive operons of Escherichia coli have in common the fact that their expression depends on the cyclic AMP-catabolite-sensitive gene activator (c-AMP-CGA) protein system, the extent of this dependence differs from one operon to another &is & Schleif, 1973). One enzyme whos ...
... Although the catabolite-sensitive operons of Escherichia coli have in common the fact that their expression depends on the cyclic AMP-catabolite-sensitive gene activator (c-AMP-CGA) protein system, the extent of this dependence differs from one operon to another &is & Schleif, 1973). One enzyme whos ...
pbl – night starvation - UQMBBS-2013
... (b) State whether energy stores in these organs can be used to maintain blood glucose concentrations during fasting, and if not, explain why (3 marks) Liver glycogen can be degraded into glucose and released into the blood to maintain BGL. Muscle glycogen is broken down the glucose but cannot exit ...
... (b) State whether energy stores in these organs can be used to maintain blood glucose concentrations during fasting, and if not, explain why (3 marks) Liver glycogen can be degraded into glucose and released into the blood to maintain BGL. Muscle glycogen is broken down the glucose but cannot exit ...
Regulation of Gene Expression
... proteins to additional gene regulatory sequences (such as the enhancer regions). • These regulatory DNA binding proteins are called gene-specific transcription factors (or transactivators} because they are specific to the gene involved. ...
... proteins to additional gene regulatory sequences (such as the enhancer regions). • These regulatory DNA binding proteins are called gene-specific transcription factors (or transactivators} because they are specific to the gene involved. ...
Lac operon
lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available. Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes at universities for this reason.Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. LacY encodes lactose permease, a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes galactoside O-acetyltransferase. Layout of the lac operon.It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available, such as glucose. The lac operon uses a two-part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. In the presence of glucose, the catabolite activator protein (CAP), required for production of the enzymes, remains inactive, and EIIAGlc shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell. This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases, known as diauxie.