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Fall 2015 - The American Philosophical Association
Fall 2015 - The American Philosophical Association

... undermined the only basis upon which all forms of realism must ultimately stand, and consequently the realistic and empirical philosophies of our time, in spite of what value they may possess for students of philosophy, do not represent a real development of thought. If we attempt a brief formulatio ...
nothingness.plato.stanford.edu
nothingness.plato.stanford.edu

... worlds is as likely as any other. There have been metaphysical systems that favor less populated worlds Gottfried Leibniz pictured possible things as competing to become actual. The more a thing competes with other things, the more likely that there will be something that stops it from becoming real ...
Animal Affects: Spinoza and the Frontiers of the Human
Animal Affects: Spinoza and the Frontiers of the Human

... Descartes and his followers receive dubious recognition for disenchanting the natural world and tearing humanity from the fabric of a more integrated relationship to the cosmic order.3 With early modernity, the gods were pulled from the heavens only to be allowed to tyrannize the earth under the ban ...
Science and Spirituality - Spiritual Heritage Education Network Inc.
Science and Spirituality - Spiritual Heritage Education Network Inc.

... and the scarcity of knowledgeable people who can serve as guides. However, pursuing the analysis based on our new experience, we suddenly see some light for the resolution of our dilemma because of the conviction that if Hindu philosophy has an intrinsic universal appeal, as it professes to have, th ...
The lives of Plato and Socrates - School of Practical Philosophy
The lives of Plato and Socrates - School of Practical Philosophy

... Plato is considered by many to be the greatest of all Western philosophers. The eminent modern philosopher Alfred North Whitehead concluded that: “The safest general characterization of the Western philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato.” And Ralph Waldo Emerso ...
CLASSICAL FOUNDATIONALISM
CLASSICAL FOUNDATIONALISM

... by belief-independent unconditionally reliable processes. These beliefs in turn can be processed by conditionally reliable belief-dependent processes to yield additional justified beliefs. On Nozick's tracking analysis of knowledge, some beliefs track facts where the tracking mechanism does not invo ...
Immanuel Kant-Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals
Immanuel Kant-Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals

... All trades, arts, and handiworks have gained by division of labour, namely, when, instead of one man doing everything, each confines himself to a certain kind of work distinct from others in the treatment it requires, so as to be able to perform it with greater facility and in the greatest perfecti ...
The Futility of any Anti-Metaphysical Position
The Futility of any Anti-Metaphysical Position

... transgress the bounds of science. But in adopting this position, Carnap forgets that metaphysical systems, be they materialistic or idealistic, deal essentially with first principles which though may support empirical research, but are not in any way empirical. It is in this very sense of first pri ...
Hope and Moral Motivation in Leibniz
Hope and Moral Motivation in Leibniz

... be a kind of strong endeavour which is utterly thwarted, resulting in violent conflict and much displeasure” (RB, 167). If this is applied to its opposite, one might say that hope is an endeavour, a general desire which brings about pleasure. In Leibniz’s words, it is an “undetectable spur which urg ...
The objective-subjective dichotomy and its use in - Philsci
The objective-subjective dichotomy and its use in - Philsci

... but it was Cournot (1843, v) who first introduced the familiar terms, when he wrote that it was necessary for him to use “les deux épithètes d’objective et de subjective” in order to discuss the meaning of probability3 (emphasis in original). Cournot’s work led to the development of the frequentist ...
Specious Present - Philsci
Specious Present - Philsci

... The first theme is a distinction between a strict or philosophical versus a  ‘vulgar’ or popular conception of the present. In the strict or philosophical sense, the  present moment is punctate, even thought it may not appear to be so. If one were to  advocate a strict notion of the present in expe ...
SI Hayakawa, Charles Sanders Peirce and the Scientific Method
SI Hayakawa, Charles Sanders Peirce and the Scientific Method

... The other three methods fail to meet the test of experience. 1. The method of tenacity, for instance, turns out to be unworkable because it isolates people within the narrow confines of their preconceived thoughts and is therefore at odds with the larger social life of the human community. In Peirce ...
DAMIAN ILODIGWE OAKESHOTT`S CRITIQUE OF SOVEREIGNTY
DAMIAN ILODIGWE OAKESHOTT`S CRITIQUE OF SOVEREIGNTY

... philosophy of experience as articulated in Experience and its Modes, we begin to see that Oakeshott’s concern in his critique of rationalism is to separate political activity from political theorization and ground ideology in tradition, so that with a bit of detachment from political experience, the ...
Connectivism Blog
Connectivism Blog

... response takes a bit longer than the 140 characters allowed by Twitter, so I'll tackle it here. First, a new idea is often an old idea in today's context. For example, what is the new idea in constructivism? That people construct their own knowledge? Or the social, situated nature of learning? Or th ...
A Study Guide to Descartes` Meditations
A Study Guide to Descartes` Meditations

... and that this made him think that the ‘whole edifice’ of his beliefs was ‘highly doubtful’. The realization that he has been mistaken leads him to think that the whole edifice of his beliefs may be threatened. What is his response to the threat of scepticism? ‘I realized that it was necessary, once ...
Sidestepping the holes of holism
Sidestepping the holes of holism

... will omit a version of this view according to which for an expression to be meaningful it suffices to play a role in some inferences (so-called strong inferentialism in the sense of Brandom), since according to this view even brackets and dots are extremely meaningful expressions. Let us concentrate ...
heraclitean critique of kantian and enlightenment ethics through the
heraclitean critique of kantian and enlightenment ethics through the

... ABSTRACT: Kant makes a much-unexpected confession in a much-unexpected place. In the Criticism of the third paralogism of transcendental psychology of the first Critique Kant accepts the irrefutability of the Heraclitean notion of universal becoming or the transitory nature of all things, admitting ...
Sensus communis Clarifications of a Kantian Concept on the Way to
Sensus communis Clarifications of a Kantian Concept on the Way to

... Common belief is despised by Kant because it is guided by obscure principles. Here Kant clearly identifies common sense with mere opinion, uncultivated and vulgar, a kind of Platonic doxa, which is badly in need of clarification and a kind of maieutics, which liberates it from prejudices. Thirdly, s ...
Some Aspects of Human Nature As Viewed by Cardinal
Some Aspects of Human Nature As Viewed by Cardinal

... these disciplines of the mind, by means of its own method, may view human nature. Here is how Newman says it. Let us take, for instance, man himself as our object of contemplation; then at once we shall find we can view him in a variety of relations; and according to those relations are the sciences ...
ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY LECTURE THALES, HERACLITUS
ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY LECTURE THALES, HERACLITUS

... From roughly 600 BC to 400 BC, Western civilization underwent a novel way of thinking about the world and human beings. Prior to the emergence of the Pre-Socratics, thinkers mainly followed the religious tradition of their day to explain why things happen. There is a clear example of this style of e ...
Moral Sense - JustWarTheory.com
Moral Sense - JustWarTheory.com

... the life of virtue. The ‘universal benevolence’ that delights moral sense is itself sufficient to the task of producing social cohesion through the gravitational pull of particular attachments (II.v.2). Acting out of this instinctual form of benevolence improves one’s own state of well-being when, u ...
1 - PhilPapers
1 - PhilPapers

... philosophical scene who claims to know something about entities spatiotemporally isolated from us. Famously, it is also a practice of philosophers of mathematics to nontrivially consider the realm on (abstract) entities being in no relevant relation to us. They treat numbers, classes, sets or functi ...
Handout
Handout

... traditional “problems” as really pseudo-problems – especially as they appear in their modern form, starting with Descartes. Section 43a In this section, Heidegger applies his analysis of being-in-the-world to the traditional problem in modern philosophy of the reality of the external world. This pro ...
James Hill`s `Descartes` Dreaming Argument and why we might be
James Hill`s `Descartes` Dreaming Argument and why we might be

... second assumption, the one that treats dreams as not affecting the reliability of the most transparent truths known to the intellect. This is a bold claim that was picked up on by Father Bourdin, author of the Seventh Objections to the Meditations, who gives us a very believable episode from a dream ...
MCDOWELL`S MORAL REALISM AND THE SECONDARY
MCDOWELL`S MORAL REALISM AND THE SECONDARY

... is incorrect: we do not mean by ‘this is good,’ ‘I approve of this, do so as well.’ But Mackie convicts moral language of a different problem, that of failure of reference. We may intend our language to be taken as referring to value aspects of the world, but there are, in fact, no such aspects. McD ...
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Rationalism

In epistemology, rationalism is the view that ""regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge"" or ""any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification"". More formally, rationalism is defined as a methodology or a theory ""in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive"". Rationalists believe reality has an intrinsically logical structure. Because of this, rationalists argue that certain truths exist and that the intellect can directly grasp these truths. That is to say, rationalists assert that certain rational principles exist in logic, mathematics, ethics, and metaphysics that are so fundamentally true that denying them causes one to fall into contradiction. Rationalists have such a high confidence in reason that empirical proof and physical evidence are unnecessary to ascertain truth – in other words, ""there are significant ways in which our concepts and knowledge are gained independently of sense experience"". Because of this belief, empiricism is one of rationalism's greatest rivals.Different degrees of emphasis on this method or theory lead to a range of rationalist standpoints, from the moderate position ""that reason has precedence over other ways of acquiring knowledge"" to the more extreme position that reason is ""the unique path to knowledge"". Given a pre-modern understanding of reason, rationalism is identical to philosophy, the Socratic life of inquiry, or the zetetic (skeptical) clear interpretation of authority (open to the underlying or essential cause of things as they appear to our sense of certainty). In recent decades, Leo Strauss sought to revive ""Classical Political Rationalism"" as a discipline that understands the task of reasoning, not as foundational, but as maieutic. Rationalism should not be confused with rationality, nor with rationalization.In politics, Rationalism, since the Enlightenment, historically emphasized a ""politics of reason"" centered upon rational choice, utilitarianism, secularism, and irreligion – the latter aspect's antitheism later ameliorated by utilitarian adoption of pluralistic rationalist methods practicable regardless of religious or irreligious ideology.In this regard, the philosopher John Cottingham noted how rationalism, a methodology, became socially conflated with atheism, a worldview: In the past, particularly in the 17th and 18th centuries, the term 'rationalist' was often used to refer to free thinkers of an anti-clerical and anti-religious outlook, and for a time the word acquired a distinctly pejorative force (thus in 1670 Sanderson spoke disparagingly of 'a mere rationalist, that is to say in plain English an atheist of the late edition...'). The use of the label 'rationalist' to characterize a world outlook which has no place for the supernatural is becoming less popular today; terms like 'humanist' or 'materialist' seem largely to have taken its place. But the old usage still survives.
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