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Pharmacological Approaches to Fat Loss: Targeting
Pharmacological Approaches to Fat Loss: Targeting

... hydrolysis reaction to reduce triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids. Step One Lets go back and take a closer look at these steps. In Step One, it is important to realize that ephedrine does not interact directly with adrenergic receptors. It is through its effects on the release of NA that eph ...
report of the first meeting of the ad hoc technical expert group
report of the first meeting of the ad hoc technical expert group

... have a negative impact on the target vector and pathogen3 and other non-target species. Such as: New or more vigorous pests, especially those that have adverse effects on human health: (i) the released LM mosquitoes may not function as expected, for example due to gene silencing or undetected failur ...
Antipredatory Defensive Roles of Natural Products from Marine
Antipredatory Defensive Roles of Natural Products from Marine

... important driving force in the evolution of chemical defenses in marine invertebrates, although a defensive metabolite could have both properties. Distasteful secondary metabolites elicit an immediate response by a potential predator that permits the predator to learn to avoid chemically defended pr ...
Side Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids
Side Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids

... receptors, the steroidal ligands are characterized by a considerable structural similarity and may often be biotransformed into each other. Therefore, a strict differentiation of steroids into functional subgroups is neither expected nor observed. All relevant endogenous steroid hormones are synthes ...


... This study showed that FP concentrations in central lung tissue were about three to four times higher than in peripheral lung tissue, which in turn exceeded those found in serum by 100 times. No relevant information can be drawn from serum levels of inhaled steroids about the concentrations in the t ...
Acetaminophen
Acetaminophen

... acetaminophen and phenacetin is the Nhydroxyamide produced by a CYP2E1 and CYP3A4.  The CYP2E1 is the rate-limiting enzyme that initiates the cascade of events leading to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity; in the absence of this cytochrome P450 enzyme, toxicity will only be apparent at high concentratio ...
Adverse Reactions
Adverse Reactions

...  In approximately 1% of the lymphoma patients treated with Bleomycin, an idiosyncratic reaction, similar to anaphylaxis clinically, has Treatment is symptomatic including volume expansion, pressor agents, antihistamines, and corticosteroids been reported. ...
Spatial patterns in European rabbit abundance after a population
Spatial patterns in European rabbit abundance after a population

... provide useful guidelines for the management of landscape attributes relevant to rabbits and help improve the conservation of Mediterranean communities. However, other influential factors not obviously related to environmental heterogeneity should also be analyzed in more detail. Introduction The dis ...
SEDATIVE-HYPNOTICS: Barbiturates (p.1) History these drugs were
SEDATIVE-HYPNOTICS: Barbiturates (p.1) History these drugs were

... urine can show barbs still being eliminated for long time after drug D/Cd protein binding of barbs. 2. Pharmacodynamics: barbs do not block incoming pain signals, so why are they used as anesthetics? in small doses barbs can decrease response to pain…why? sometimes barbs will lead to an increase is ...
Host-released dimethylsulphide activates the dinoflagellate
Host-released dimethylsulphide activates the dinoflagellate

... proliferations typically of dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria or diatoms, that can directly cause illness and death in humans and marine life through the production of toxins, or cause ecosystem alterations affecting food provision and recreational activities (Zingone et al., 2000; MEA, 2005). Even tho ...
Scotopic vision in the monkey is modulated by the G protein
Scotopic vision in the monkey is modulated by the G protein

... (Bouskila et al., 2013b). A variety of anatomical and functional visual effects of cannabinoids have also been reported for every retinal cell type in both rodents and fish (Yazulla, 2008; Cécyre et al., 2013). However, these studies did not investigate GPR55 because of its recent and controversial ...
neuro 2007 - addiction education home
neuro 2007 - addiction education home

... cannabis or tobacco use. Aims: To examine whether variants within the cannabinoid receptor (CNRI) and alpha7 nicotinic receptor (CHRNA7) genes are associated with schizophrenia, and whether these effects vary according to cannabis or tobacco use. We also examined a putative interaction be ...
Introduction - Princeton University Press
Introduction - Princeton University Press

... to understand the ecological world. We also target our favorite research questions, which naturally influence the perspective that we take when we try to understand the world around us. Because of these diverse experiences, skill sets, biases, and questions, there are many complementary ways in whic ...
Continual Reassessment Method for Partial Ordering
Continual Reassessment Method for Partial Ordering

... et al. (2009) example, R(d1 ) is a nodal parameter because it is known that R(d1 )  R(di ) for i  2. R(d2 ) is nonnodal because it is unknown whether R(d2 )  R(d4 ) or R(d4 )  R(d2 ). The estimation procedure of Hwang and Peddada (1994) formed the basis of the method proposed by Conaway et al. ( ...
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)

... metabolic product of articaine is articainic acid. It is inactive as a local anesthetic, and systemic toxicity has not been observed.6 This finding is important because an active metabolite may affect toxicity and may exert undesirable side effects. In comparison, lidocaine has active metabolites. I ...
Effects of psilocybin on hippocampal neurogenesis and extinction of
Effects of psilocybin on hippocampal neurogenesis and extinction of

... James Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL 33613, USA C. L. Kirstein  Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA ...
Adobe Acrobat version of Pharm Cards for CNS section
Adobe Acrobat version of Pharm Cards for CNS section

... Mech.: Inhib. reuptake of catecholamines (DA, NE, 5HT) → prolonged action. Local anesthetic properties from block of Na+ & Ca2+ channels → ↓ rate of rise of action potential, failure to propagate action potential, eventual conduction block. Smaller, unmyelinated fibers are more easily blocked and re ...
Characteristics and common properties of inhibitors, inducers, and
Characteristics and common properties of inhibitors, inducers, and

... (11,12). Since many of the CYPs have numerous drugs as substrates, competition of various drugs for metabolism by a specific CYP is a common occurrence leading to drug– drug interactions in patients who are simultaneously administered several different drugs. In noncompetitive inhibition, the inhibi ...
Buspirone and Pindolol Effects on the EEG Frequency Spectrum in
Buspirone and Pindolol Effects on the EEG Frequency Spectrum in

... 2. Smith C.E., Ware C.J., & Cowen P.J. (1991) Pindolol decreases prolactin and growth hormone responses to intravenous L-tryptophan. Psychopharm. 103, 140-142. 3. Blier P., Seletti B., Young S.N., Benkelfat C., & de Montigny C. (1994) Serotonin 1A receptor activation and hypothermia: Evidence for a ...
Interactions between endothelin-1 and the renin–angiotensin
Interactions between endothelin-1 and the renin–angiotensin

... situations, for instance, in pregnancy-induced hypertension, a vasospastic and volume-reduced disorder where endothelial cell damage is suspected to play an important role. Compared to normal pregnancy, pregnancy-induced hypertension was found to be associated with a two-fold increase in plasma irET ...
hyperthermia - Calgary Emergency Medicine
hyperthermia - Calgary Emergency Medicine

... FDA refusal to investigate medicinal uses of MDMA based on potential neurotoxicity Overall good animal data supporting a detrimental effect on serotonergic system Human studies more limited and hampered by methodological weaknessess No clear evidence, but “highly suggestive” ...
PDF - National Alliance for Medication Assisted Recovery
PDF - National Alliance for Medication Assisted Recovery

... How Methadone Works Its Miracle Methadone has a long half life in comparison to other opiates averaging about 28 hours and is active without first passing through the liver. As the dose is increased over time excess methadone is stored in body tissue and blood stream. This is how methadone works its ...
IDrugs The Investigational Drugs Journal
IDrugs The Investigational Drugs Journal

... interest in the drug (or drug class) concerned. In this first issue, we have selected six drugs currently in clinical trials for a wide range of indications: this choice is intended to give our readers a general impression of the scope and quality of the literature evaluations that will be included ...
Serotonergic Modulation of Rat Pineal Gland Activity: In Vivo
Serotonergic Modulation of Rat Pineal Gland Activity: In Vivo

... Experiment 2. The aim of this experiment was to assess the effects of 5-HT receptor activation by m-CPP on the pineal melatonin production during the night, when the gland is physiologically activated by NE. To this purpose, 54 rats (weighing 200 –250 g) were used in this experiment. At 9:00 PM, in ...
introduction - RUJA - Universidad de Jaén
introduction - RUJA - Universidad de Jaén

... exposures; and 3) Assess the influence of ecological interactions on the sensitivity response of aquatic species to agrochemicals. The working hypothesis under this scenarios and objectives is that agrochemicals exposure due to prevailing agriculture intensive practices has negative effects on the ...
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Toxicodynamics



Toxicodynamics, termed pharmacodynamics in pharmacology, describes the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects. A biological target, also known as the site of action, can be binding proteins, ion channels, DNA, or a variety of other receptors. When a toxicant enters an organism, it can interact with these receptors and produce structural or functional alterations. The mechanism of action of the toxicant, as determined by a toxicant’s chemical properties, will determine what receptors are targeted and the overall toxic effect at the cellular level and organismal level.Toxicants have been grouped together according to their chemical properties by way of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), which allows prediction of toxic action based on these properties. endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and carcinogens are examples of classes of toxicants that can act as QSARs. EDCs mimic or block transcriptional activation normally caused by natural steroid hormones. These types of chemicals can act on androgen receptors, estrogen receptors and thyroid hormone receptors. This mechanism can include such toxicants as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Another class of chemicals, carcinogens, are substances that cause cancer and can be classified as genotoxic or nongenotoxic carcinogens. These categories include toxicants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The process of toxicodynamics can be useful for application in environmental risk assessment by implementing toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models. TKTD models include phenomenas such as time-varying exposure, carry-over toxicity, organism recovery time, effects of mixtures, and extrapolation to untested chemicals and species. Due to their advantages, these types of models may be more applicable for risk assessment than traditional modeling approaches.
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