Bio112HW_Comm - Napa Valley College
... b. kill animals on which they feed c. host usually survives d. smaller in size than prey e. effective biocontrol agents 13. Which of the following is the most common interaction between species? a. competition b. predation c. parasitism d. mutualism e. commensalism 14. A non-poisonous butterfly, whi ...
... b. kill animals on which they feed c. host usually survives d. smaller in size than prey e. effective biocontrol agents 13. Which of the following is the most common interaction between species? a. competition b. predation c. parasitism d. mutualism e. commensalism 14. A non-poisonous butterfly, whi ...
Patterns and Process
... Sometimes, the life histories of two or more species are so closely connected that they evolve together. The process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time is called coevolution. ...
... Sometimes, the life histories of two or more species are so closely connected that they evolve together. The process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time is called coevolution. ...
19_2 - Mater Academy of International Studies
... Sometimes, the life histories of two or more species are so closely connected that they evolve together. The process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time is called coevolution. ...
... Sometimes, the life histories of two or more species are so closely connected that they evolve together. The process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time is called coevolution. ...
Evidence of Evolution - California Academy of Sciences
... of animals (mammals, fish, amphibians, etc.) each share a set of features unique to the group. While anatomy often suggests the relationship of organisms, it may sometimes mislead. For example, some features that seem quite similar, such as the spines on cacti and other unrelated succulents, may hav ...
... of animals (mammals, fish, amphibians, etc.) each share a set of features unique to the group. While anatomy often suggests the relationship of organisms, it may sometimes mislead. For example, some features that seem quite similar, such as the spines on cacti and other unrelated succulents, may hav ...
Arthropod Pest Management - MESA - University of California, Santa
... *approximate and unofficial ...
... *approximate and unofficial ...
Invasive plant species and competition for pollinators
... and foliation (Bruun 2005), shadowing the soil, preventing other species from establishing and thereby outcompeting them. In addition to these well-known competitive skills of the rose, I will here investigate the more unknown effects of indirect interactions with native plants via pollinators. The ...
... and foliation (Bruun 2005), shadowing the soil, preventing other species from establishing and thereby outcompeting them. In addition to these well-known competitive skills of the rose, I will here investigate the more unknown effects of indirect interactions with native plants via pollinators. The ...
Document
... IV.8 Depending on the level at which it operates, selection can be divided into individual, group, kin, interspecific or intercommunity selection. IV.8.1 An individual is the object and the basic unit of selection. IV.8.2 Group selection involves competing populations. IV.8.2.1 Pseudoaltruistic beha ...
... IV.8 Depending on the level at which it operates, selection can be divided into individual, group, kin, interspecific or intercommunity selection. IV.8.1 An individual is the object and the basic unit of selection. IV.8.2 Group selection involves competing populations. IV.8.2.1 Pseudoaltruistic beha ...
PDF copy - Friends of the Wild Flower Garden
... Abstract—Many flowering plants engage in mutualistic interactions with animals in order to sexually reproduce, exchanging food rewards such as nectar and pollen for the service of pollen transfer between flowers. Floral reward variation strongly influences visitation patterns of both pollinating mut ...
... Abstract—Many flowering plants engage in mutualistic interactions with animals in order to sexually reproduce, exchanging food rewards such as nectar and pollen for the service of pollen transfer between flowers. Floral reward variation strongly influences visitation patterns of both pollinating mut ...
Ecological and evolutionary responses in complex communities
... island, resident finch Geospiza fortis exhibited a large evolutionary response in beak size as a result of resource competition (Grant and Grant 2006, but see Grant and Grant 2002). Similarly, in island-like mountain tops, traits of conifer cones reflect the identity of the major seed predator(s) in t ...
... island, resident finch Geospiza fortis exhibited a large evolutionary response in beak size as a result of resource competition (Grant and Grant 2006, but see Grant and Grant 2002). Similarly, in island-like mountain tops, traits of conifer cones reflect the identity of the major seed predator(s) in t ...
Models of Evolutionary Dynamics
... Note that evolutionary rates here are not proportional to population densities. ...
... Note that evolutionary rates here are not proportional to population densities. ...
atlas of the honeydew producing conifer aphids of
... This small volume on such an interesting group of insects like aphids intends to give a detailed information on those forest aphid species which feed on conifers and are known to produce much more and better honeydew than others. In fact, that aphid honeydew is more searched and appreciated by bees ...
... This small volume on such an interesting group of insects like aphids intends to give a detailed information on those forest aphid species which feed on conifers and are known to produce much more and better honeydew than others. In fact, that aphid honeydew is more searched and appreciated by bees ...
Darwin in the Garden
... complexity grows when energy flows because simple building blocks combine to form complex systems. The fact is that the solid Earth, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere appear to have undergone nearly five billion years of physical, chemical, and biological evolution because of the flows of energ ...
... complexity grows when energy flows because simple building blocks combine to form complex systems. The fact is that the solid Earth, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere appear to have undergone nearly five billion years of physical, chemical, and biological evolution because of the flows of energ ...
Chapter 8: Evolution Lesson 8.4: Macroevolution and the Origin of
... record and compare the anatomy of previous species with that of today's living organisms. When the evidence is put together, distinct patterns emerge telling a story of how speciation probably happened over time. Speciation of one species can affect the evolution of other species if they have a clos ...
... record and compare the anatomy of previous species with that of today's living organisms. When the evidence is put together, distinct patterns emerge telling a story of how speciation probably happened over time. Speciation of one species can affect the evolution of other species if they have a clos ...
Dune Ecology: Beaches and Primary Dunes
... must have a strategy for obtaining water rapidly when it is available and storing it within their tissues for later use. ey must also have strategies to deal with the often high amounts of salt in their habitats. At the very front of the living dune, a small number of highly specialized species wit ...
... must have a strategy for obtaining water rapidly when it is available and storing it within their tissues for later use. ey must also have strategies to deal with the often high amounts of salt in their habitats. At the very front of the living dune, a small number of highly specialized species wit ...
Ant mimicry by Passiflora flowers?
... and inflorescence stems of Arisarum vulgare (Araceae) was suggested by Lev-Yadun and Inbar (2002). However, no experimental work indicating actual herbivore deterrence has been conducted to date. The potential benefit from ant-attendance mimicry for the plants is clear. Ants as a group are ubiquitou ...
... and inflorescence stems of Arisarum vulgare (Araceae) was suggested by Lev-Yadun and Inbar (2002). However, no experimental work indicating actual herbivore deterrence has been conducted to date. The potential benefit from ant-attendance mimicry for the plants is clear. Ants as a group are ubiquitou ...
Do Tides Affect Coastal Insect Communities?
... not serve as a refuge during inundation. These findings prompt rejection of the hypothesis that adult insects are unable to withstand inundation and reinforce previous conclusions (Cameron, 1972) that saltmarsh insect populations are predominately controlled by biological, especially productional, f ...
... not serve as a refuge during inundation. These findings prompt rejection of the hypothesis that adult insects are unable to withstand inundation and reinforce previous conclusions (Cameron, 1972) that saltmarsh insect populations are predominately controlled by biological, especially productional, f ...
biology 11 – end of term review
... During his travels, Charles Darwin made numerous observations and collected evidence that led him to propose a revolutionary hypothesis about the way life changes over time. Darwin observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants varied noticeably among the different islands of the Galáp ...
... During his travels, Charles Darwin made numerous observations and collected evidence that led him to propose a revolutionary hypothesis about the way life changes over time. Darwin observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants varied noticeably among the different islands of the Galáp ...
Invertebrates and Global Warming
... the timing of rain matters. Annual increases in mean precipitation are shifting at a monthly or seasonal scale in biologically significant ways. And all of these changes are likely to intensify in coming decades. There are two major effects on small wetlands that could come from shifts in precipita ...
... the timing of rain matters. Annual increases in mean precipitation are shifting at a monthly or seasonal scale in biologically significant ways. And all of these changes are likely to intensify in coming decades. There are two major effects on small wetlands that could come from shifts in precipita ...
Eco-evolutionary responses of biodiversity to climate change
... and high values used. Also, empirical studies demonstrate microevolutionary responses to climate in many natural populations24 . At least some species disperse well enough to track present rates of climate change25 like they do in our model. In an analysis of five past climate-change events in fossi ...
... and high values used. Also, empirical studies demonstrate microevolutionary responses to climate in many natural populations24 . At least some species disperse well enough to track present rates of climate change25 like they do in our model. In an analysis of five past climate-change events in fossi ...
Parasitology Meets Ecology on Its Own Terms
... revisit general terms and terms applied to populations of parasites, and we then discuss terms applicable to the community level. For the latter 2 topics, we provide, when relevant for illustrative purposes, published examples of term use. Accepting the cliche that a "picture is worth a thousand wor ...
... revisit general terms and terms applied to populations of parasites, and we then discuss terms applicable to the community level. For the latter 2 topics, we provide, when relevant for illustrative purposes, published examples of term use. Accepting the cliche that a "picture is worth a thousand wor ...
Salt Marsh Secrets
... Meghan Fellows uncovered the secret that SMBB cannot produce many seeds when its haustoria attach to an invasive annual grass. She learned that the annual grass dies too early, before SMBB can produce fruits. SMBB needs a perennial halophyte to serve as hosts through spring and summer. The lesson fo ...
... Meghan Fellows uncovered the secret that SMBB cannot produce many seeds when its haustoria attach to an invasive annual grass. She learned that the annual grass dies too early, before SMBB can produce fruits. SMBB needs a perennial halophyte to serve as hosts through spring and summer. The lesson fo ...
Pollination by Hymenopterans and Ec Hymenopterans and
... Pollination of fruits, vegetables, and forage crops in the world largely depend on bees17. Research has reported that approximately 90% of flowering plants require insect mediated pollination18. Pollination in economically important crops such as watermelon, apples, squash, pumpkins, grapefruit, tom ...
... Pollination of fruits, vegetables, and forage crops in the world largely depend on bees17. Research has reported that approximately 90% of flowering plants require insect mediated pollination18. Pollination in economically important crops such as watermelon, apples, squash, pumpkins, grapefruit, tom ...
Biology 423 – Exam # 1
... point in time d) all of the above are traits of eusocial insects. 13. Which is true of Tilman and Cowan's study on plants? a) shoot/root ratios decreased as soil nitrogen levels increased b) high nitrogen led to reduced investment in shoots c) a+b d) neither a nor b 14. Who is likely to have a lower ...
... point in time d) all of the above are traits of eusocial insects. 13. Which is true of Tilman and Cowan's study on plants? a) shoot/root ratios decreased as soil nitrogen levels increased b) high nitrogen led to reduced investment in shoots c) a+b d) neither a nor b 14. Who is likely to have a lower ...
New species evolve in bursts
... emerge as these changes accrue. Known as the 'Red Queen' hypothesis, it is named after the character in Lewis Carroll's book Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There who tells a surprised Alice: "Here, you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place." The Red Que ...
... emerge as these changes accrue. Known as the 'Red Queen' hypothesis, it is named after the character in Lewis Carroll's book Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There who tells a surprised Alice: "Here, you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place." The Red Que ...
Dryinidae (Hymenoptera Chrysidoidea): an interesting group among
... The Dryinidae are a small cosmopolitan family of Hymenoptera Aculeata parasitizing Homoptera Auchenorrhyncha. It includes about 1400 species belonging to 10 subfamilies (Anteoninae, Aphelopinae, Apodryininae, Bocchinae, Conganteoninae, Dryininae, Gonatopodinae, Laberitinae, Plesiodryininae, Transdry ...
... The Dryinidae are a small cosmopolitan family of Hymenoptera Aculeata parasitizing Homoptera Auchenorrhyncha. It includes about 1400 species belonging to 10 subfamilies (Anteoninae, Aphelopinae, Apodryininae, Bocchinae, Conganteoninae, Dryininae, Gonatopodinae, Laberitinae, Plesiodryininae, Transdry ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.