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Overexploiting marine ecosystem engineers
Overexploiting marine ecosystem engineers

... of attention paid to fishing effects on ecosystems, an avalanche of such material has appeared. Most of the papers that track the environmental impacts of fishing do so primarily along three lines: (1) those owing to BYCATCH (see Glossary) of nontargeted species [2]; (2) those owing to the impact of ...
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... • For at least 3.8 billion years, a complex web of life has been evolving here on Earth. • Biodiversity ( short for biological diversity) - is the variety of all living organisms and their interactions in an ecosystem. Scientists often speak of three levels of diversity – ...
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... B) consumers without producers C) decomposers D) a constant source of energy 9. For a natural ecosystem to be self-sustaining, many essential chemical elements must be A) converted to energy B) changed into fossil fuels such as oil and coal C) permanently removed from the environment D) cycled betwe ...
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Ecology - Owen

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Ecological resilience



In ecology, resilience is the capacity of an ecosystem to respond to a perturbation or disturbance by resisting damage and recovering quickly. Such perturbations and disturbances can include stochastic events such as fires, flooding, windstorms, insect population explosions, and human activities such as deforestation, fracking of the ground for oil extraction, pesticide sprayed in soil, and the introduction of exotic plant or animal species. Disturbances of sufficient magnitude or duration can profoundly affect an ecosystem and may force an ecosystem to reach a threshold beyond which a different regime of processes and structures predominates. Human activities that adversely affect ecosystem resilience such as reduction of biodiversity, exploitation of natural resources, pollution, land-use, and anthropogenic climate change are increasingly causing regime shifts in ecosystems, often to less desirable and degraded conditions. Interdisciplinary discourse on resilience now includes consideration of the interactions of humans and ecosystems via socio-ecological systems, and the need for shift from the maximum sustainable yield paradigm to environmental resource management which aims to build ecological resilience through ""resilience analysis, adaptive resource management, and adaptive governance"".
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