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The Head & Neck
The Head & Neck

... Common carotid arteries: Right common carotid: from brachiocephalic trunk - right sternoclavicular joint. (neck only?) Left common carotid: direct branch of aortic arch left sternoclavicular joint. (thorax & neck) Both arteries ascend through neck lateral to Trachea & esophagus and behind anterior b ...
Anatomy-Of-Female-Genital-System-Dr.Osman
Anatomy-Of-Female-Genital-System-Dr.Osman

... Endocervix: Lined by simple columnar epithelium with compound racemose glands or crypts that are liable to chronic infection. It secretes alkaline cervical mucus. Muscle layer: Outer longitudinal and inner circular muscles.(2 layers only) Ectocervix: Formed of stratified squamous epithelium covering ...
Facial anatomy and the application of fillers and botulinum toxin
Facial anatomy and the application of fillers and botulinum toxin

... muscle group, elevates and retracts the mandible. The temporal muscle has two bundles: the superficial bundle (originating in the temporal fossa and fascia) and the deep bundle (originating in the sphenoidal tubercle). The bundles insert in the coronoid process’ margins and medial face and in the te ...
Thoracic cage Diaphragm
Thoracic cage Diaphragm

... pericardiacophrenic artery first which descends together with the phrenic nerve between the pleura and the pericardium. Before reaching the trigone of Larrey, ITA gives off the musculophrenic artery contributing to the blood supply of the diaphragm. Already from the abdominal aorta the inferior phre ...
DEEP MUSCLES - INTRODUCTION
DEEP MUSCLES - INTRODUCTION

... The dissection of the deeper muscles should be done on one side only, leaving the superficial muscles on the second side intact. Compare the superficial muscles on one side the with deeper muscles on the other side. This procedure permits later utilization of superficial muscles for review and study ...
anatomic variation of celiac and testicular arteries
anatomic variation of celiac and testicular arteries

... in the course of right testicular artery is reported. It was discovered that the celiac trunk emerged from the ventral aspect of abdominal aorta as two roots, which are named hepatogastric and splenomesenteric trunks. The hepatogastric root was located superior to the splenomesenteric root. The bran ...
Palate - Dentistry 09
Palate - Dentistry 09

... As we know palate form roof of the mouth and floor of nose.Its divided into two parts: 1) hard palate ,ant 2\3. 2) soft palate ,post 1\3. Each of these part covered by mucosa. The first part of the palate is the hard palate ,its representing the ant 2\3 of the whole palate . Hard palate has fram wor ...
Mandible Lecture - El Camino College
Mandible Lecture - El Camino College

... almost past border of face • Equal distance from condyles to lateral margin of skull ...
Pharyngeal arches. Pharyngeal pouches.
Pharyngeal arches. Pharyngeal pouches.

... A, Lateral view of the head, neck, and thoracic regions of a 4-week embryo showing the muscles derived from the pharyngeal arches. The arrow shows the pathway taken by myoblasts from the occipital myotomes to form the tongue musculature. B, Sketch of the head and neck regions of a 20-week fetus, d ...
The Fetal Circulation The prenatal circulation differs in essential
The Fetal Circulation The prenatal circulation differs in essential

... the left atrium through a hole in the atrial septum (foramen ovale) and so by-passes the pulmonary circulation. That part of the blood that reaches the pulmonary artery through the right atrium flows through a short circuit (ductus arteriosus) into the aorta and so also avoids the pulmonary circulat ...
Ch21 Conversion of Amino Acids to Specialized Products
Ch21 Conversion of Amino Acids to Specialized Products

...  Hepatic porphyrias can be further classified as acute or chronic.  Individuals with an enzyme defect leading to the accumulation of tetrapyrrole intermediates show photosensitivity—that is, their skin itches and burns (pruritis) when exposed to visible light. Note:  These symptoms are thought to ...
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Buccinator myomucosal flap - Vula
Buccinator myomucosal flap - Vula

... The Buccinator Myomucosal Flap is an axial flap, based on the facial and/or buccal arteries. It is a flexible and versatile flap well suited to reconstructing soft tissue defects of the oral cavity, oropharynx and nasal septum. Unlike most free flaps, it provides mucosal cover, as opposed to skin co ...
Tributaries of the hepatic portal vein
Tributaries of the hepatic portal vein

... superior mesenteric to form the portal vein. The lienal vein is of large size, but is not tortuous like the artery. Tributaries.—The lineal vein receives the short gastric veins, the left gastroepiploic vein, the pancreatic veins, and the inferior mesenteric veins. The short gastric veins (vv. gast ...
Taurine 10 sample chapter
Taurine 10 sample chapter

... In this study we examined the effects of taurine supplementation on pancreatic remodeling. Mice were supplemented with taurine (0.05%) in drinking water at the age of four weeks and remained on this diet for an additional for weeks. When mice were two months old, pancreas were removed and processed ...
1. The entry of bacteria through which space could lead to an
1. The entry of bacteria through which space could lead to an

... The auditory (nasopharyngeal) tube is a connection between the nasal portion of the pharynx and the tympanic cavity that allows pressure to equalize on either side of the tympanic membrane. It is located in the anterior wall of the middle ear and is comprised of bone at the tympanic end and cartilag ...
1 Part Ten: Thyroid / Parathyroid Chapter 133: Anatomy Daniel O
1 Part Ten: Thyroid / Parathyroid Chapter 133: Anatomy Daniel O

... is responsible for the secretion of thyrocalcitonin. These cells have had varied names such as parafollicular, clear, or "C" cells of the thyroid gland. Although in past years there were several hypotheses regarding both the embryologic origin and the function of these cells, it was not until the la ...
19-last 4 cranial nerves
19-last 4 cranial nerves

... • Test; gag reflex. ...
Anterior jugular vein
Anterior jugular vein

... arises from the anterior and lateral surfaces of the styloid process near its apex, and from the stylomandibular ligament. Insertion Passing downward and forward between the internal and external carotid arteries, it divides upon the side of the tongue near its dorsal surface, blending with the fibe ...
Vitamins
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The mouth, the anus, and the blastopore—open
The mouth, the anus, and the blastopore—open

... Nübler-Jung, 1997). The cases for which amphistomy are most commonly cited are onychophorans, the polychaete Polygordius, and the nematode Pontonema (e.g. Arendt and Nübler-Jung, 1997; Nielsen, 2001). In drawings from the early research on the onychophoran Peripatus capensis (Figure 4.2a), it indeed ...
Submandibular gland excision - Vula
Submandibular gland excision - Vula

... sialectasis, sialolithiasis, benign and malignant tumours, and as part of a neck dissection. The use of sialendoscopy is likely to reduce the frequency of SMG excision for sialolithiasis. The key concerns for the patient are the surgical scar, and injury to the marginal mandibular, lingual and hypog ...
Diaphragm C L I N I C A L N O T E S
Diaphragm C L I N I C A L N O T E S

... The Thorax: Part I—The Thoracic Wall ...
On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Tunicata.
On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Tunicata.

... in close contact with each other. Now, lts under all ordinary circumstances, the pressure of the water inside the mantle must be as great as that of the water resting against the outer surface of the test, and as no water can possibly enter between these two tunics, it is clear enough that they will ...
Complete Pig Manual
Complete Pig Manual

... As you dissect, locate the origins and insertions of the muscles studied. Then free the muscle from other muscles and from the nerves and blood vessels associated with it. The fine, transparent connective tissue which binds adjacent muscles is deep fascia, while tougher and more fibrous superficial ...
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Human digestive system



In the human digestive system, the process of digestion has many stages, the first of which starts in the mouth (oral cavity). Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components which can be absorbed and assimilated into the body. The secretion of saliva helps to produce a bolus which can be swallowed to pass down the oesophagus and into the stomach.Saliva also contains a catalytic enzyme called amylase which starts to act on food in the mouth. Another digestive enzyme called lingual lipase is secreted by some of the lingual papillae to enter the saliva. Digestion is helped by the mastication of food by the teeth and also by the muscular contractions of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach is essential for the continuation of digestion as is the production of mucus in the stomach.Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction of muscles that begins in the oesophagus and continues along the wall of the stomach and the rest of the gastrointestinal tract. This initially results in the production of chyme which when fully broken down in the small intestine is absorbed as chyle into the lymphatic system. Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small intestine. Water and some minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood, in the colon of the large intestine. The waste products of digestion are defecated from the anus via the rectum.
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