Stereologic analysis of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the
... mediodorsal, anterior, pulvinar and ventral lateral posterior nuclei (Pakkenberg, 1990; Popken et al., 2000; Young et al., 2000; Byne et al., 2002; Danos et al., 2002, 2003). It should be noted, however, that several studies have not found evidence of thalamic pathology in schizophrenic subjects (Po ...
... mediodorsal, anterior, pulvinar and ventral lateral posterior nuclei (Pakkenberg, 1990; Popken et al., 2000; Young et al., 2000; Byne et al., 2002; Danos et al., 2002, 2003). It should be noted, however, that several studies have not found evidence of thalamic pathology in schizophrenic subjects (Po ...
neural mechanisms for detecting and remembering novel events
... of gratings of a particular orientation in one part of the visual field. After many months of training, the monkeys’ perceptual ability to discriminate gratings around the trained location and orientation was greatly improved26. In addition to other effects not discussed here, both studies found a s ...
... of gratings of a particular orientation in one part of the visual field. After many months of training, the monkeys’ perceptual ability to discriminate gratings around the trained location and orientation was greatly improved26. In addition to other effects not discussed here, both studies found a s ...
Amyloid inhibits retinoic acid synthesis exacerbating Alzheimer
... Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has two major neuropathological hallmarks, the accumulation of amyloid beta (Ab) in extracellular plaques and the presence of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, whose main composition is hyperphosphorylated tau (Serrano-Pozo et al., 2011). The Ab hypothesis (Hardy & Selko ...
... Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has two major neuropathological hallmarks, the accumulation of amyloid beta (Ab) in extracellular plaques and the presence of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, whose main composition is hyperphosphorylated tau (Serrano-Pozo et al., 2011). The Ab hypothesis (Hardy & Selko ...
Neuromodulation and cortical function: BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN
... activation of metabotropic receptors by trans-ACPD or L-AP4 can suppress excitatory synaptic transmission [ 106,128]. Similarly, some of the effects of GABA may be classified as modulatory, such as the suppression of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission mediated by GABAn receptors (see Fi ...
... activation of metabotropic receptors by trans-ACPD or L-AP4 can suppress excitatory synaptic transmission [ 106,128]. Similarly, some of the effects of GABA may be classified as modulatory, such as the suppression of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission mediated by GABAn receptors (see Fi ...
Neural basis of sensorimotor learning: modifying
... The simplest learning tasks are related to the classical notion that sensorimotor learning involves the generation of new associations between stimuli (S) and responses (R). Obviously we could learn to stop for a green light instead of a red one. Learning a new arbitrary association changes the cate ...
... The simplest learning tasks are related to the classical notion that sensorimotor learning involves the generation of new associations between stimuli (S) and responses (R). Obviously we could learn to stop for a green light instead of a red one. Learning a new arbitrary association changes the cate ...
damage to oligodendrocytes and axons following endothelin 1
... sulfate proteoglycans (61), and the newly identified Nogo family. (60, 11, 63) Combinations of treatments may be required to deal with the full complexity of CNS injury. Understanding the mechanisms of cell death of oligodendrocytes, and their interactions with axons, may help prevent myelin loss, a ...
... sulfate proteoglycans (61), and the newly identified Nogo family. (60, 11, 63) Combinations of treatments may be required to deal with the full complexity of CNS injury. Understanding the mechanisms of cell death of oligodendrocytes, and their interactions with axons, may help prevent myelin loss, a ...
Brain - American Museum of Natural History
... world. Once developed, the basic structures for sensing, feeling and thinking last for a lifetime—yet your brain continues to change. The neural connections keep making adjustments with every experience and everything that you learn. • New neurons can’t be created. (False) Scientists once assumed th ...
... world. Once developed, the basic structures for sensing, feeling and thinking last for a lifetime—yet your brain continues to change. The neural connections keep making adjustments with every experience and everything that you learn. • New neurons can’t be created. (False) Scientists once assumed th ...
Neural Correlates of Learning in the Prefrontal Cortex of the Monkey
... Traditional views of cortical function define the posteroanterior dimension of the cortex as a substrate for the gradual transition from perceptual to motor processes, and then to organizational functions. Simple behavioral tasks have been used to assess this organization. A subject (rat, monkey, hu ...
... Traditional views of cortical function define the posteroanterior dimension of the cortex as a substrate for the gradual transition from perceptual to motor processes, and then to organizational functions. Simple behavioral tasks have been used to assess this organization. A subject (rat, monkey, hu ...
Frankland lecture FINAL
... “Unexpectedly, the patient reported sudden sensations that he described as “deja vu” with stimulation of the first contact tested…He reported the sudden perception of being in a park with friends, a familiar scene to him. He felt he was younger, around 20 years old. He recognized his epoch-appropria ...
... “Unexpectedly, the patient reported sudden sensations that he described as “deja vu” with stimulation of the first contact tested…He reported the sudden perception of being in a park with friends, a familiar scene to him. He felt he was younger, around 20 years old. He recognized his epoch-appropria ...
Impulsivity-related brain volume deficits in schizophrenia
... Apart from alcohol misuse, substances commonly abused in schizophrenic patients include nicotine, cocaine and cannabis (Winklbaur et al., 2006). These substances are reinforced by an increased dopaminergic activity, particularly in the mesolimbic dopamine system (Gerdeman et al., 2003). As substance ...
... Apart from alcohol misuse, substances commonly abused in schizophrenic patients include nicotine, cocaine and cannabis (Winklbaur et al., 2006). These substances are reinforced by an increased dopaminergic activity, particularly in the mesolimbic dopamine system (Gerdeman et al., 2003). As substance ...
Cognitive Science: Emerging Perspectives and Approaches
... and modification through experience. The models developed by the connectionists do not rely on explicit rules but learn through examples and are said to utilize sub-symbolic representations (Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986). Connectionist models are networks made up of neurons or neuron-like elements a ...
... and modification through experience. The models developed by the connectionists do not rely on explicit rules but learn through examples and are said to utilize sub-symbolic representations (Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986). Connectionist models are networks made up of neurons or neuron-like elements a ...
The Neural Architecture Underlying Habit Learning: An Evolving
... diener. I explained that I wanted to take a brain to MIT to stain it. This began the period in which I would receive these contributions and take them in a carefully covered bucket back to MIT, only one subway stop away! I learned how to fix and handle the brains, and how to stain carefully cut sect ...
... diener. I explained that I wanted to take a brain to MIT to stain it. This began the period in which I would receive these contributions and take them in a carefully covered bucket back to MIT, only one subway stop away! I learned how to fix and handle the brains, and how to stain carefully cut sect ...
Sensorimotor Neural Plasticity following Hand Transplantation
... post injury. This is also the best-reported time frame for optimal functional recovery before substantial motor degeneration occurs (Grinsell & Keating, 2014). Though research is yet to be conducted to substantiate this time frame, Grinsell and Keating also report anecdotal evidence of a successful ...
... post injury. This is also the best-reported time frame for optimal functional recovery before substantial motor degeneration occurs (Grinsell & Keating, 2014). Though research is yet to be conducted to substantiate this time frame, Grinsell and Keating also report anecdotal evidence of a successful ...
Parallel Evolution of Cortical Areas Involved in Skilled Hand Use
... in cebus monkeys (Felleman et al., 1983) and, although recording sites in area 1 are illustrated, the organization of these fields will not be described here. Organization of area 2 Dense electrophysiological recordings indicate that cebus monkeys have a clearly defined area 2. This is surprising be ...
... in cebus monkeys (Felleman et al., 1983) and, although recording sites in area 1 are illustrated, the organization of these fields will not be described here. Organization of area 2 Dense electrophysiological recordings indicate that cebus monkeys have a clearly defined area 2. This is surprising be ...
A Moderate Approach to Embodied Cognitive Science
... circuitry for a variety of cognitive purposes is a central organizing principle of the brain. In other words, it is common for neural circuits originally established for one purpose to be exapted (exploited, recycled, redeployed) during evolution or normal development and put to different uses, with ...
... circuitry for a variety of cognitive purposes is a central organizing principle of the brain. In other words, it is common for neural circuits originally established for one purpose to be exapted (exploited, recycled, redeployed) during evolution or normal development and put to different uses, with ...
Brain Organization and Handedness
... In the limbic system, two lima bean–sized neural clusters, the amygdala, influence aggression and fear (Figure 3.18). In 1939, psychologist Heinrich Klüver and neurosurgeon Paul Bucy surgically lesioned the part of a rhesus monkey’s brain that included the amygdala. The result? The normally ill-temp ...
... In the limbic system, two lima bean–sized neural clusters, the amygdala, influence aggression and fear (Figure 3.18). In 1939, psychologist Heinrich Klüver and neurosurgeon Paul Bucy surgically lesioned the part of a rhesus monkey’s brain that included the amygdala. The result? The normally ill-temp ...
November 2000 Volume 3 Number Supp pp 1184
... associations seem to evoke less activity in the PFC than relatively novel stimuli10, indicating that other mechanisms or brain regions might get involved after extensive training. Low spontaneous and selective high-activity states In contrast to the model in Fig. 2, PFC neurons in vivo are never si ...
... associations seem to evoke less activity in the PFC than relatively novel stimuli10, indicating that other mechanisms or brain regions might get involved after extensive training. Low spontaneous and selective high-activity states In contrast to the model in Fig. 2, PFC neurons in vivo are never si ...
INTRAANALYZER CONDITIONED REFLEX PROPERTIES OF TWO
... of the electrocutaneous reinforcement did not occur on three successive presentations of the auditory signal. Neuronal pairs without any dependent relations, in this case, were entirely absent. The number of neuronal pairs with one-way connections remained practically unchanged. If we take the func ...
... of the electrocutaneous reinforcement did not occur on three successive presentations of the auditory signal. Neuronal pairs without any dependent relations, in this case, were entirely absent. The number of neuronal pairs with one-way connections remained practically unchanged. If we take the func ...
Neuroscience: the Science of the Brain
... Inside our heads, weighing about 1.5 kg, is an astonishing living organ consisting of billions of tiny cells. It enables us to sense the world around us, to think and to talk. The human brain is the most complex organ of the body, and arguably the most complex thing on earth. This booklet is an intr ...
... Inside our heads, weighing about 1.5 kg, is an astonishing living organ consisting of billions of tiny cells. It enables us to sense the world around us, to think and to talk. The human brain is the most complex organ of the body, and arguably the most complex thing on earth. This booklet is an intr ...
memory systems in the brain
... Emotions can usefully be defined as states elicited by rewards and punishers (Rolls 1990, 1999a, 2000a). A reward is anything for which an animal will work. A punisher is anything an animal will work to escape or avoid. An example of an emotion might thus be happiness produced by being given a rewar ...
... Emotions can usefully be defined as states elicited by rewards and punishers (Rolls 1990, 1999a, 2000a). A reward is anything for which an animal will work. A punisher is anything an animal will work to escape or avoid. An example of an emotion might thus be happiness produced by being given a rewar ...
FINAL-FTDMulticenterStudy_R - ORBi
... the disease: semantic dementia, primary progressive aphasia and the frontal variant of FTD (fvFTD). Structural and functional neuroimaging studies of FTD phenotypes have explored which kinds of brain damage are shared by or specific to the subgroups of FTD. Common involvement of the frontal and insu ...
... the disease: semantic dementia, primary progressive aphasia and the frontal variant of FTD (fvFTD). Structural and functional neuroimaging studies of FTD phenotypes have explored which kinds of brain damage are shared by or specific to the subgroups of FTD. Common involvement of the frontal and insu ...
York, Rosa, and Dietz
... land is, therefore, a reasonable proxy for the natural capital and services provided by the environment. Calculation of the ecological footprint is based on the fact that it is possible to track most resource flows, resources consumed, and waste flows. These flow and consumption patterns can be conv ...
... land is, therefore, a reasonable proxy for the natural capital and services provided by the environment. Calculation of the ecological footprint is based on the fact that it is possible to track most resource flows, resources consumed, and waste flows. These flow and consumption patterns can be conv ...
5104-c2
... • Using paired whole-cell recordings, we have found that many neurons in the rat SCN communicate via electrical synapses. Spontaneous spiking was often synchronized in pairs of electrically coupled neurons, and the degree of this synchrony could be predicted from the magnitude of coupling. • In wild ...
... • Using paired whole-cell recordings, we have found that many neurons in the rat SCN communicate via electrical synapses. Spontaneous spiking was often synchronized in pairs of electrically coupled neurons, and the degree of this synchrony could be predicted from the magnitude of coupling. • In wild ...
Cerebellum: The Brain for an Implicit Self
... I am grateful to those who kindly permitted me to reproduce their illustrations in this monograph. I wish also to thank the many colleagues who spent some time in my laboratory at the University of Tokyo before 1989 and at the RIKEN Brain Science Institute after 1990. I am also greatly indebted to t ...
... I am grateful to those who kindly permitted me to reproduce their illustrations in this monograph. I wish also to thank the many colleagues who spent some time in my laboratory at the University of Tokyo before 1989 and at the RIKEN Brain Science Institute after 1990. I am also greatly indebted to t ...
An optical neural interface: in vivo control of
... stimulation efficacy without an increased side effect profile. Employing light to activate neurons has emerged as an attractive new concept (for review, see [21–24]). Leveraging advances in chemical biology and molecular genetics, several groups have developed novel optical techniques to control neu ...
... stimulation efficacy without an increased side effect profile. Employing light to activate neurons has emerged as an attractive new concept (for review, see [21–24]). Leveraging advances in chemical biology and molecular genetics, several groups have developed novel optical techniques to control neu ...