國立臺南大學 生態科學與技術學系 生態學期中考題 (A 卷)
... (D) endomycorrhizae (E) supramycorrhizae 7. Which of the following statements about the evolution of mutualisms and commensalisms is correct? (A) Host-parasite relationships can evolve into commensalisms (B) Host-parasite relationships can evolve into mutualisms (C) Parasites and hosts often coevolv ...
... (D) endomycorrhizae (E) supramycorrhizae 7. Which of the following statements about the evolution of mutualisms and commensalisms is correct? (A) Host-parasite relationships can evolve into commensalisms (B) Host-parasite relationships can evolve into mutualisms (C) Parasites and hosts often coevolv ...
Ecology & Biomes
... Ecosystem = Community + abiotic factors in habitat Two things needed in ecosystem: ENERGY: flows from the sun, through plants, animals, and decomposers, and is lost as heat ...
... Ecosystem = Community + abiotic factors in habitat Two things needed in ecosystem: ENERGY: flows from the sun, through plants, animals, and decomposers, and is lost as heat ...
Community Ecology
... Production efficiency Trophic cascade Top-down Bottom-up Biodiversity Species richness Species evenness ...
... Production efficiency Trophic cascade Top-down Bottom-up Biodiversity Species richness Species evenness ...
ecology - benanbiology
... • Also plants help formation of soil. Plant roots help rocks to breakdown easily. • And most of the minerals in the soil come from the decaying of dead organisms. ...
... • Also plants help formation of soil. Plant roots help rocks to breakdown easily. • And most of the minerals in the soil come from the decaying of dead organisms. ...
Connectance in stream food webs
... stream communities reported here were characterized by more feeding links per species, a higher fraction of intermediate species and a lower fraction of top and ‘basal’ species than most stream webs previously (e.g. Cohen et al. 1985). The power–law relationship between links and web size (L = αS β) ...
... stream communities reported here were characterized by more feeding links per species, a higher fraction of intermediate species and a lower fraction of top and ‘basal’ species than most stream webs previously (e.g. Cohen et al. 1985). The power–law relationship between links and web size (L = αS β) ...
1.5 Ecology OL Objectives
... At the end of this section students should be able to: 1.5.1 Present an overview of diversity of life forms in an ecosystem. 1.5.2 Identify a number of habitats from the selected ecosystem. Identify five plants and animals using simple keys. Identify and use various apparatus required for collection ...
... At the end of this section students should be able to: 1.5.1 Present an overview of diversity of life forms in an ecosystem. 1.5.2 Identify a number of habitats from the selected ecosystem. Identify five plants and animals using simple keys. Identify and use various apparatus required for collection ...
Trophic Economics
... community is through the accounting of the energy available for the next level. Producers make great quantities of energy, from which some is used by themselves (growth and metabolism), other is available for the next Trophic Level (exergy) and other is simply lost (entropy). In this way can be dist ...
... community is through the accounting of the energy available for the next level. Producers make great quantities of energy, from which some is used by themselves (growth and metabolism), other is available for the next Trophic Level (exergy) and other is simply lost (entropy). In this way can be dist ...
A Primer for the Need to Learn Statistics
... As of 2011, there are 550 million people using Facebook . In the time it took you to read that last sentence, they uploaded 5000 photos. 1 billion people worldwide watched the 2006 World Cup Final. In the first half of 2008, American drivers logged 30 billion fewer miles than in the first half o ...
... As of 2011, there are 550 million people using Facebook . In the time it took you to read that last sentence, they uploaded 5000 photos. 1 billion people worldwide watched the 2006 World Cup Final. In the first half of 2008, American drivers logged 30 billion fewer miles than in the first half o ...
Ecosystems Vocabulary - Brandywine School District
... A key used to identify a species by its traits ...
... A key used to identify a species by its traits ...
32 - Ecosystem Dynamics
... Dynamics of energy through ecosystems have important implications for human populations how much energy does it take to feed a human? if we are meat eaters? if we are vegetarian? What is your ecological footprint?! ...
... Dynamics of energy through ecosystems have important implications for human populations how much energy does it take to feed a human? if we are meat eaters? if we are vegetarian? What is your ecological footprint?! ...
Biology Spring Semester Final Review Guide 2011
... i. Organism Aii. Organism Biii. Organism C61. Which of the above organisms is a(n): iv. Parameciumv. Amoeba62. The protists “Euglenids” are green in color. What conclusions can you draw about this organism’s process of meeting its energy needs? ...
... i. Organism Aii. Organism Biii. Organism C61. Which of the above organisms is a(n): iv. Parameciumv. Amoeba62. The protists “Euglenids” are green in color. What conclusions can you draw about this organism’s process of meeting its energy needs? ...
Name
... It is over. There is nothing left. We have only one choice, we must leave Pride Rock." How does this quote support the concept that "Flora dictates Fauna? (Plant life determines animal life.) ...
... It is over. There is nothing left. We have only one choice, we must leave Pride Rock." How does this quote support the concept that "Flora dictates Fauna? (Plant life determines animal life.) ...
Communication
... Define the term ecosystem. State that ecosystems are dynamic systems. Define the terms biotic factor and abiotic factor, using named examples. Define the terms producer, consumer, decomposer and trophic level. Describe how energy is transferred though ecosystems. ...
... Define the term ecosystem. State that ecosystems are dynamic systems. Define the terms biotic factor and abiotic factor, using named examples. Define the terms producer, consumer, decomposer and trophic level. Describe how energy is transferred though ecosystems. ...
8C4Notes
... 5. Ecology is the study of interactions that occur among organisms and their environment. 6. Interaction – influence, effect, response, reaction, etc. 7. A population is made up of all the (same) organisms in an ecosystem that belong to the same species. 8. A community is all the (different) populat ...
... 5. Ecology is the study of interactions that occur among organisms and their environment. 6. Interaction – influence, effect, response, reaction, etc. 7. A population is made up of all the (same) organisms in an ecosystem that belong to the same species. 8. A community is all the (different) populat ...
Flip Folder 8 KEY - Madison County Schools
... Only 10% of energy is passed on to the next trophic level because 90% of it is used (and released as heat) by the organism doing homeostasis, reproduction, movement, etc. f. producer - autotroph Make their own glucose (food) through photosynthesis OR chemosynthesis. g. consumer - heterotroph Must ea ...
... Only 10% of energy is passed on to the next trophic level because 90% of it is used (and released as heat) by the organism doing homeostasis, reproduction, movement, etc. f. producer - autotroph Make their own glucose (food) through photosynthesis OR chemosynthesis. g. consumer - heterotroph Must ea ...
IMCC Yr12 Integrated Science Course Outline
... differences in geographical and physical conditions result in a wide variety of ecosystems ...
... differences in geographical and physical conditions result in a wide variety of ecosystems ...
topics covered – 7th grade ecology district test
... Be able to give examples of populations living in a typical New Jersey forest Know the difference between an ecosystem and a community Be able to give specific examples of commensalism, mutualism and parasitism in a typical New Jersey forest Tell why predators are necessary for maintaining b ...
... Be able to give examples of populations living in a typical New Jersey forest Know the difference between an ecosystem and a community Be able to give specific examples of commensalism, mutualism and parasitism in a typical New Jersey forest Tell why predators are necessary for maintaining b ...
1. Primary Production
... • The organisms at higher feeding levels of an energy pyramid do not necessarily require less energy to live than organisms at lower levels. Since so much energy is lost at each level, the amount of energy in the producer level limits the number of consumers the ecosystem can support. As a result, t ...
... • The organisms at higher feeding levels of an energy pyramid do not necessarily require less energy to live than organisms at lower levels. Since so much energy is lost at each level, the amount of energy in the producer level limits the number of consumers the ecosystem can support. As a result, t ...
Ch 2: Student Powerpoint File
... Slowly, under great pressure over many years, coal, oil, and gas form. Layers of shells also are deposited in sediments on the ocean floor, forming carbonate rocks like limestone over long periods of time. ...
... Slowly, under great pressure over many years, coal, oil, and gas form. Layers of shells also are deposited in sediments on the ocean floor, forming carbonate rocks like limestone over long periods of time. ...
two degrees of separation in complex food webs
... organisms12 is a general ecological property. Larger D may be found in food webs that span more distinct habitat boundaries (e.g., those between terrestrial and aquatic ...
... organisms12 is a general ecological property. Larger D may be found in food webs that span more distinct habitat boundaries (e.g., those between terrestrial and aquatic ...
3.1 What Is Ecology?
... can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use that energy to produce food are called autotrophs, or primary producers. The process in which autotrophs capture light energy and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars is called photosynthesis. The process in which aut ...
... can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use that energy to produce food are called autotrophs, or primary producers. The process in which autotrophs capture light energy and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars is called photosynthesis. The process in which aut ...
Ecosystems
... producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumer • The energy is taken by the producers ...
... producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumer • The energy is taken by the producers ...
Chapter 2 Worksheet
... C Detrivores are consumers that obtain their energy and nutrients by eating the bodies of small dead animals. Detrivores feed at all trophic levels. ...
... C Detrivores are consumers that obtain their energy and nutrients by eating the bodies of small dead animals. Detrivores feed at all trophic levels. ...
Organism
... Obtain energy in form of organic matter ◦ Animals Primary consumers (Herbivores: plant eaters) Secondary consumers (Carnivores: meat eaters) Omnivores (eat both plants and animals) At the top will be the Decomposers ...
... Obtain energy in form of organic matter ◦ Animals Primary consumers (Herbivores: plant eaters) Secondary consumers (Carnivores: meat eaters) Omnivores (eat both plants and animals) At the top will be the Decomposers ...
Ecology is the study of interactions in our environment
... Characteristics of a Biome No distinct boundaries Defined by types of plants Similar climate conditions, but may be located in a totally different part of the world (Africa and Asia) Classification of biomes: –land biomes –water biomes (marine or freshwater) ...
... Characteristics of a Biome No distinct boundaries Defined by types of plants Similar climate conditions, but may be located in a totally different part of the world (Africa and Asia) Classification of biomes: –land biomes –water biomes (marine or freshwater) ...
Food web
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book ""Animal Ecology""; Elton's 'food cycle' was replaced by 'food web' in a subsequent ecological text. Elton organized species into functional groups, which was the basis for Raymond Lindeman's classic and landmark paper in 1942 on trophic dynamics. Lindeman emphasized the important role of decomposer organisms in a trophic system of classification. The notion of a food web has a historical foothold in the writings of Charles Darwin and his terminology, including an ""entangled bank"", ""web of life"", ""web of complex relations"", and in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms he talked about ""the continued movement of the particles of earth"". Even earlier, in 1768 John Bruckner described nature as ""one continued web of life"".Food webs are limited representations of real ecosystems as they necessarily aggregate many species into trophic species, which are functional groups of species that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Ecologists use these simplifications in quantitative (or mathematical) models of trophic or consumer-resource systems dynamics. Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists have identified non-random properties in the topographic structure of food webs. Published examples that are used in meta analysis are of variable quality with omissions. However, the number of empirical studies on community webs is on the rise and the mathematical treatment of food webs using network theory had identified patterns that are common to all. Scaling laws, for example, predict a relationship between the topology of food web predator-prey linkages and levels of species richness.