Chapter 3 PPT
... of usable energy to heat—2nd law of thermodynamics Rarely have more than 4 steps Ecological efficiency- percentage of USABLE energy transferred from one trophic level to anothertypically 10% Shown by pyramid of energy ...
... of usable energy to heat—2nd law of thermodynamics Rarely have more than 4 steps Ecological efficiency- percentage of USABLE energy transferred from one trophic level to anothertypically 10% Shown by pyramid of energy ...
ecosystem development
... such as bare soil that is being reclaimed vegetationally, that are in the early stage of succession these food chains are linear and relatively simple and usually consist of grazing food chains that form simple plant-herbivore-carnivore sequences. As ecosystems mature, the food chains become more co ...
... such as bare soil that is being reclaimed vegetationally, that are in the early stage of succession these food chains are linear and relatively simple and usually consist of grazing food chains that form simple plant-herbivore-carnivore sequences. As ecosystems mature, the food chains become more co ...
Ch.37 NOTES COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS
... energy with each transfer in a food chain. Only 10% of the energy available at each trophic level becomes incorporated into the next higher level. Only a tiny fraction of the energy stored by photosynthesis flows through a food chain all the way to a tertiary consumer. Top-level consumers require a ...
... energy with each transfer in a food chain. Only 10% of the energy available at each trophic level becomes incorporated into the next higher level. Only a tiny fraction of the energy stored by photosynthesis flows through a food chain all the way to a tertiary consumer. Top-level consumers require a ...
Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality.
... Cycling of matter or nutrients (all atoms, ions, or molecules needed for survival by living organisms), through all parts of the ecosphere Gravity, which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles ...
... Cycling of matter or nutrients (all atoms, ions, or molecules needed for survival by living organisms), through all parts of the ecosphere Gravity, which allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere and causes the downward movement of chemicals in the matter cycles ...
Stream Biotic and Abiotic
... Smaller streams ( 1st order) flow into larger streams (2nd order) and continue on. Two streams of the same order must come together for a stream to move up in order. The size or order of the stream relates directly on the organisms that are in the ecosystem. 1st order streams are home to large ...
... Smaller streams ( 1st order) flow into larger streams (2nd order) and continue on. Two streams of the same order must come together for a stream to move up in order. The size or order of the stream relates directly on the organisms that are in the ecosystem. 1st order streams are home to large ...
On the Relationship between Productivity and Food Chain
... 64 The American Naturalist Nonherbivorous prey incidence is positively associated with chain length and thus yields a direct index of chain length. It should be highlighted that the use of this index brings a conservative estimate of variation in trophic position of predators because nonherbivorous ...
... 64 The American Naturalist Nonherbivorous prey incidence is positively associated with chain length and thus yields a direct index of chain length. It should be highlighted that the use of this index brings a conservative estimate of variation in trophic position of predators because nonherbivorous ...
Ecological relationships and energy flow
... Euglena, which has both plant and animal characteristics. This is why single-celled plants and animals are classified in a separate group called the Protoctista. 2. Sometimes it is difficult to identify which species an organism belongs to or where one species merges into another. Definition – a spe ...
... Euglena, which has both plant and animal characteristics. This is why single-celled plants and animals are classified in a separate group called the Protoctista. 2. Sometimes it is difficult to identify which species an organism belongs to or where one species merges into another. Definition – a spe ...
5.1 reading
... might not expect to find much life. But scientists have found large communities of worms, clams, crabs, mussels, and barnacles living near thermal vents in the ocean floor. These deep-ocean communities exist in total darkness, where photosynthesis cannot occur. So where do these organisms get their ...
... might not expect to find much life. But scientists have found large communities of worms, clams, crabs, mussels, and barnacles living near thermal vents in the ocean floor. These deep-ocean communities exist in total darkness, where photosynthesis cannot occur. So where do these organisms get their ...
Food webs: reconciling the structure and function of biodiversity
... other taxa) [18]. Average number of links found in a food chain across a food web [94]. Food-chain length appears to be reduced by disturbance and increased by higher energy supply and increased ecosystem size [21–23]. The maximum number of links found in any food chain in a food web [94]. The numbe ...
... other taxa) [18]. Average number of links found in a food chain across a food web [94]. Food-chain length appears to be reduced by disturbance and increased by higher energy supply and increased ecosystem size [21–23]. The maximum number of links found in any food chain in a food web [94]. The numbe ...
On the relationship between productivity and food chain length at
... American Naturalist). The incidence of nonherbivorous prey in the diets was analyzed as the proportion of nonherbivore individuals in relation to the total number of individual prey consumed during a given year. Proportions of nonherbivorous individual prey were assessed independently for each preda ...
... American Naturalist). The incidence of nonherbivorous prey in the diets was analyzed as the proportion of nonherbivore individuals in relation to the total number of individual prey consumed during a given year. Proportions of nonherbivorous individual prey were assessed independently for each preda ...
On the Relationship between Productivity and Food Chain Length at
... American Naturalist). The incidence of nonherbivorous prey in the diets was analyzed as the proportion of nonherbivore individuals in relation to the total number of individual prey consumed during a given year. Proportions of nonherbivorous individual prey were assessed independently for each preda ...
... American Naturalist). The incidence of nonherbivorous prey in the diets was analyzed as the proportion of nonherbivore individuals in relation to the total number of individual prey consumed during a given year. Proportions of nonherbivorous individual prey were assessed independently for each preda ...
primary consumers
... 37.8 Trophic structure is a key factor in community dynamics Trophic structure – of a community is a pattern of feeding relationships consisting of several different levels. – The sequence of food transfer up the trophic levels is known as a food chain. – The transfer of food moves chemical nutri ...
... 37.8 Trophic structure is a key factor in community dynamics Trophic structure – of a community is a pattern of feeding relationships consisting of several different levels. – The sequence of food transfer up the trophic levels is known as a food chain. – The transfer of food moves chemical nutri ...
2013 Ecology Review
... MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the letter of the answer that is TRUE. There may be more than one correct answer. Which of the following types of heterotrophs eat other animals? A. omnivores B. herbivores C. carnivores All of life on earth exists in a region known as ________________ A. an ecosystem B. a bi ...
... MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the letter of the answer that is TRUE. There may be more than one correct answer. Which of the following types of heterotrophs eat other animals? A. omnivores B. herbivores C. carnivores All of life on earth exists in a region known as ________________ A. an ecosystem B. a bi ...
Science Review Packet for Spring Exam
... 26. Learned behavior- a behavior that an animal learns through experience 27. Mimicry- an adaptation where one species mimics another species (in looks or behaviors) 28. Camouflage- an adaptation where an organism can blend in with its surroundings 29. Natural Selection-gradual process where popula ...
... 26. Learned behavior- a behavior that an animal learns through experience 27. Mimicry- an adaptation where one species mimics another species (in looks or behaviors) 28. Camouflage- an adaptation where an organism can blend in with its surroundings 29. Natural Selection-gradual process where popula ...
Which statement best describes the relationship between free
... (D) The removal of species G would be catastrophic to the other species in the ecosystem because species G is a predator. Distractor Rationale: This answer suggests the student may understand that predators often play a vital role in keeping other populations in balance within an ecosystem, but does ...
... (D) The removal of species G would be catastrophic to the other species in the ecosystem because species G is a predator. Distractor Rationale: This answer suggests the student may understand that predators often play a vital role in keeping other populations in balance within an ecosystem, but does ...
Populations, Their changes and Their measurement IB syllabus: 2.1
... Middle succession mix of various species types – most diverse (role of disturbance) Climax – k selected species strong competitors dominate 2. Mineral Cycling Pioneer, physical breakdown & make organic, Later processing increase – cycles expand 3. Gross productivity changes (total photosynthesis) Pi ...
... Middle succession mix of various species types – most diverse (role of disturbance) Climax – k selected species strong competitors dominate 2. Mineral Cycling Pioneer, physical breakdown & make organic, Later processing increase – cycles expand 3. Gross productivity changes (total photosynthesis) Pi ...
Place Project Instructions - Liberty Union High School District
... □ You can create your map with any program you choose or by hand. (CH 6) Which species in your food web are (20 points – can be in list form) 1. r-selected a 2. k-selected? 3. Find an example of a mutualism or a commensalism on your food web. Describe the relationships 4. Describe an example of a pa ...
... □ You can create your map with any program you choose or by hand. (CH 6) Which species in your food web are (20 points – can be in list form) 1. r-selected a 2. k-selected? 3. Find an example of a mutualism or a commensalism on your food web. Describe the relationships 4. Describe an example of a pa ...
Integrated Lesson Pl..
... 6.The object of this activity is for the Zooplankton to consume as much “Algae” as possible and place it into their “stomach” (plastic baggie). In addition, the carnivores’ job is to consume as much prey as possible, by tagging a student and taking their “energy” (bag of popcorn). Once an organism ...
... 6.The object of this activity is for the Zooplankton to consume as much “Algae” as possible and place it into their “stomach” (plastic baggie). In addition, the carnivores’ job is to consume as much prey as possible, by tagging a student and taking their “energy” (bag of popcorn). Once an organism ...
Food webs: reconciling the structure and function of biodiversity
... other taxa) [18]. Average number of links found in a food chain across a food web [94]. Food-chain length appears to be reduced by disturbance and increased by higher energy supply and increased ecosystem size [21–23]. The maximum number of links found in any food chain in a food web [94]. The numbe ...
... other taxa) [18]. Average number of links found in a food chain across a food web [94]. Food-chain length appears to be reduced by disturbance and increased by higher energy supply and increased ecosystem size [21–23]. The maximum number of links found in any food chain in a food web [94]. The numbe ...
Ecology: Organisms in Their Environments
... all the interactions of a group of organisms living in a certain area with one another and with their physical environment. There are a lot of differences in the amount of area ecosystems occupy, for they literally can be as small as this drop of pond water, or as large as this tropical jungle. The ...
... all the interactions of a group of organisms living in a certain area with one another and with their physical environment. There are a lot of differences in the amount of area ecosystems occupy, for they literally can be as small as this drop of pond water, or as large as this tropical jungle. The ...
Ecosystems
... • Two types of global food webs show the feeding relationships of organisms. What distinguishes one type of global web from the other? • A. whether the producers are located on land or in water • B. whether or not the food web includes tertiary consumers • C. whether the web includes animals that m ...
... • Two types of global food webs show the feeding relationships of organisms. What distinguishes one type of global web from the other? • A. whether the producers are located on land or in water • B. whether or not the food web includes tertiary consumers • C. whether the web includes animals that m ...
paper - Jordi Bascompte
... Food webs. The Caribbean food web16 describes the trophic relationships between 249 species/trophic groups in a wide geographic region of the Caribbean sea, comprising B1,000 km2 and stretching from the surface to 100-m depth. Obtained through gut content analysis17,18, it is the most complete and a ...
... Food webs. The Caribbean food web16 describes the trophic relationships between 249 species/trophic groups in a wide geographic region of the Caribbean sea, comprising B1,000 km2 and stretching from the surface to 100-m depth. Obtained through gut content analysis17,18, it is the most complete and a ...
Topic 4: Ecology
... 1. Species are groups of organisms that can potentially interbreed to produce fertile offspring. 488 2. Members of a species may be reproductively isolated in separate populations. 488; 1149 3. Species have either an autotrophic or heterotrophic method of nutrition (a few species have both methods). ...
... 1. Species are groups of organisms that can potentially interbreed to produce fertile offspring. 488 2. Members of a species may be reproductively isolated in separate populations. 488; 1149 3. Species have either an autotrophic or heterotrophic method of nutrition (a few species have both methods). ...
Interactions Study Guide
... f. Decomposers are consumers that break down organic matter into inorganic form. Decomposers are very important for any ecosystem. If they weren't in the ecosystem, the plants would not get essential nutrients, and dead matter and waste would pile up so they are the “bridge” between the abiotic and ...
... f. Decomposers are consumers that break down organic matter into inorganic form. Decomposers are very important for any ecosystem. If they weren't in the ecosystem, the plants would not get essential nutrients, and dead matter and waste would pile up so they are the “bridge” between the abiotic and ...
Biology Unit 2 Study Guide
... Milkweed is a plant commonly found throughout fields and pastures and along roadsides in eastern and central North America. It gets its name from the milky white sap that oozes when the plant is broken or cut. Milkweed plants bloom in June and July. When fertilized, the flowers form large seedpods t ...
... Milkweed is a plant commonly found throughout fields and pastures and along roadsides in eastern and central North America. It gets its name from the milky white sap that oozes when the plant is broken or cut. Milkweed plants bloom in June and July. When fertilized, the flowers form large seedpods t ...
Food web
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book ""Animal Ecology""; Elton's 'food cycle' was replaced by 'food web' in a subsequent ecological text. Elton organized species into functional groups, which was the basis for Raymond Lindeman's classic and landmark paper in 1942 on trophic dynamics. Lindeman emphasized the important role of decomposer organisms in a trophic system of classification. The notion of a food web has a historical foothold in the writings of Charles Darwin and his terminology, including an ""entangled bank"", ""web of life"", ""web of complex relations"", and in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms he talked about ""the continued movement of the particles of earth"". Even earlier, in 1768 John Bruckner described nature as ""one continued web of life"".Food webs are limited representations of real ecosystems as they necessarily aggregate many species into trophic species, which are functional groups of species that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Ecologists use these simplifications in quantitative (or mathematical) models of trophic or consumer-resource systems dynamics. Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists have identified non-random properties in the topographic structure of food webs. Published examples that are used in meta analysis are of variable quality with omissions. However, the number of empirical studies on community webs is on the rise and the mathematical treatment of food webs using network theory had identified patterns that are common to all. Scaling laws, for example, predict a relationship between the topology of food web predator-prey linkages and levels of species richness.