The role responses of expression and identity in the face
... neuron were measured to a standard digitized set of stimuli of different faces and of non-face stimuli ~. If a neuron responded to one or more of the faces, but to none of the non-face stimuli in the set, then a wide range of digitized and real 3-dimensional non-face stimuli were shown, to determine ...
... neuron were measured to a standard digitized set of stimuli of different faces and of non-face stimuli ~. If a neuron responded to one or more of the faces, but to none of the non-face stimuli in the set, then a wide range of digitized and real 3-dimensional non-face stimuli were shown, to determine ...
Integrating Optogenetic and Pharmacological Approaches to Study
... electrophysiological tools operate with sufficient temporal resolution but nonselectively activate large volumes of tissue, including fibers of passage and heterogeneous cell types, making the unambiguous interpretation of electrical recordings a challenge. The precise temporal control of neural act ...
... electrophysiological tools operate with sufficient temporal resolution but nonselectively activate large volumes of tissue, including fibers of passage and heterogeneous cell types, making the unambiguous interpretation of electrical recordings a challenge. The precise temporal control of neural act ...
Microconnectomics of the Pretectum and Ventral Thalamus in the
... folia VIc–IXc in the cerebellum, which are related to visual and oculomotor responses (Freedman et al., 1975; Clarke, 1977). Nonretinal afferents to the GLv arise from the visual Wulst, TeO, GT, and VLT (Karten et al., 1973; Crossland and Uchwat, 1979; Vega-Zuniga et al., 2014). Although the role of ...
... folia VIc–IXc in the cerebellum, which are related to visual and oculomotor responses (Freedman et al., 1975; Clarke, 1977). Nonretinal afferents to the GLv arise from the visual Wulst, TeO, GT, and VLT (Karten et al., 1973; Crossland and Uchwat, 1979; Vega-Zuniga et al., 2014). Although the role of ...
Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... contrast in the perceived spatial pattern a. Virtually every sensory pathway, when excited, gives rise simultaneously to lateral inhibitory signals b. Importance of lateral inhibition is that it blocks the lateral spread of excitatory signals and therefore, increases the degree of contrast in the se ...
... contrast in the perceived spatial pattern a. Virtually every sensory pathway, when excited, gives rise simultaneously to lateral inhibitory signals b. Importance of lateral inhibition is that it blocks the lateral spread of excitatory signals and therefore, increases the degree of contrast in the se ...
Electro-Kinetics
... • The linear relationship between Levich current and the square root of the rotation rate is obvious from the Levich plot. A linear least squares fit of the data produces an equation for the best straight line passing through the data. The specific experiment shown, the electrode area, A, was 0.1963 ...
... • The linear relationship between Levich current and the square root of the rotation rate is obvious from the Levich plot. A linear least squares fit of the data produces an equation for the best straight line passing through the data. The specific experiment shown, the electrode area, A, was 0.1963 ...
Cuneiform Neurons Activated during
... these cholinergic cells, which are not part of the Cun nucleus, did not contain detectable amounts of the Fos protein. Maloney et al. (1999) have described a 22% increase in the number of Fos ⫹ cholinergic neurons of the LDT–PPT under conditions of AS recovery in rats. However, within the lateral PP ...
... these cholinergic cells, which are not part of the Cun nucleus, did not contain detectable amounts of the Fos protein. Maloney et al. (1999) have described a 22% increase in the number of Fos ⫹ cholinergic neurons of the LDT–PPT under conditions of AS recovery in rats. However, within the lateral PP ...
Production of nerve growth factor by
... We hypothesized that Ab exerts indirect neurotoxic effects by inducing astrocytic NGF production, which may act in concert with other inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), to induce hippocampal neuron degeneration. In the present paper, we report that Ab fragment 25–35 (designated here a ...
... We hypothesized that Ab exerts indirect neurotoxic effects by inducing astrocytic NGF production, which may act in concert with other inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), to induce hippocampal neuron degeneration. In the present paper, we report that Ab fragment 25–35 (designated here a ...
Cell-cycle control and cortical development - Stem
... schematics are transects through the presumptive area 17 of the embryonic cortex in mouse (a) and monkey (b) at comparable developmental stages. The depth of each layer is drawn to a common scale. Gestation period is 19 days in the mouse and 165 days in the monkey. Cortical neurogenesis lasts 8 days ...
... schematics are transects through the presumptive area 17 of the embryonic cortex in mouse (a) and monkey (b) at comparable developmental stages. The depth of each layer is drawn to a common scale. Gestation period is 19 days in the mouse and 165 days in the monkey. Cortical neurogenesis lasts 8 days ...
BDNF-modulated Spatial Organization of Cajal
... cortex with disorganized CR cells and aberrant cortical lamination (Ringstedt et al., 1998). During embryonic development, CR neurons express BDNF and NT4 along with their receptor TrkB (Fukumitsu et al., 1998), whereas GABAergic neurons only express TrkB (Gorba and Wahle, 1999). Both neuronal cell ...
... cortex with disorganized CR cells and aberrant cortical lamination (Ringstedt et al., 1998). During embryonic development, CR neurons express BDNF and NT4 along with their receptor TrkB (Fukumitsu et al., 1998), whereas GABAergic neurons only express TrkB (Gorba and Wahle, 1999). Both neuronal cell ...
Temporal delays among place cells determine the frequency of
... same time, individual pyramidal cells of the same population oscillated at a higher frequency than the LFP and the POP (Fig. 3 F and G), indicating that the frequency of the global output of place cells is slower than that of the constituent neurons. To understand better why the summed activity of n ...
... same time, individual pyramidal cells of the same population oscillated at a higher frequency than the LFP and the POP (Fig. 3 F and G), indicating that the frequency of the global output of place cells is slower than that of the constituent neurons. To understand better why the summed activity of n ...
Kenedy,Dehay Cell-cycle control and cortical development
... schematics are transects through the presumptive area 17 of the embryonic cortex in mouse (a) and monkey (b) at comparable developmental stages. The depth of each layer is drawn to a common scale. Gestation period is 19 days in the mouse and 165 days in the monkey. Cortical neurogenesis lasts 8 days ...
... schematics are transects through the presumptive area 17 of the embryonic cortex in mouse (a) and monkey (b) at comparable developmental stages. The depth of each layer is drawn to a common scale. Gestation period is 19 days in the mouse and 165 days in the monkey. Cortical neurogenesis lasts 8 days ...
Epilepsy in Small
... neither a lattice of nearest-neighbor connections nor completely randomly connected (Mountcastle, 1997; Gonzalez-Burgos et al., 2000; McCormick and Contreras, 2001), we used a simple method to construct networks that lie between these two extremes. We began with a model in which each neuron is conne ...
... neither a lattice of nearest-neighbor connections nor completely randomly connected (Mountcastle, 1997; Gonzalez-Burgos et al., 2000; McCormick and Contreras, 2001), we used a simple method to construct networks that lie between these two extremes. We began with a model in which each neuron is conne ...
Copy of the full paper
... Neurons communicate with each other by means of chemical and electrical synapses. It is now clear that the strengths of many, if not most, synapses are altered by either the temporal pattern of firing of the presynaptic neuron and/or by amines or neuropeptides delivered hormonally or by neuromodulat ...
... Neurons communicate with each other by means of chemical and electrical synapses. It is now clear that the strengths of many, if not most, synapses are altered by either the temporal pattern of firing of the presynaptic neuron and/or by amines or neuropeptides delivered hormonally or by neuromodulat ...
The Stress-Induced Atf3-Gelsolin Cascade Underlies
... cellular models have offered valuable opportunities for understanding how mTOR-dependent protein synthesis is involved in the synaptic deficits characteristic of ASD (Tavazoie et al., 2005; Choi et al., 2008; Nie et al., 2010; Nie and Sahin, 2012; Tsai et al., 2012; Bateup et al., 2013). On the othe ...
... cellular models have offered valuable opportunities for understanding how mTOR-dependent protein synthesis is involved in the synaptic deficits characteristic of ASD (Tavazoie et al., 2005; Choi et al., 2008; Nie et al., 2010; Nie and Sahin, 2012; Tsai et al., 2012; Bateup et al., 2013). On the othe ...
Genetic Analysis of the Drosophila Ellipsoid Body
... areas or other brain regions. Golgi studies of Hanesch et al. (1989) describe the complex three-dimensional structure of the Drosophila cc as similar to that of Schistocerca (Williams, 1975). The cc displays a high degree of intrinsic, topographic order and participates with many functionally divers ...
... areas or other brain regions. Golgi studies of Hanesch et al. (1989) describe the complex three-dimensional structure of the Drosophila cc as similar to that of Schistocerca (Williams, 1975). The cc displays a high degree of intrinsic, topographic order and participates with many functionally divers ...
Synapses and Neurotransmitters
... the dendrites, axon, or cell body of the postsynaptic neuron. This binding of neurotransmitters creates a depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron stimulating an action potential and allowing the message to move on. ...
... the dendrites, axon, or cell body of the postsynaptic neuron. This binding of neurotransmitters creates a depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron stimulating an action potential and allowing the message to move on. ...
The Retrotrapezoid Nucleus and Central Chemoreception
... the VMS, their sensitivity to pH is high and independent of the activity of the rest of the respiratory network. RTN neurons release an excitatory transmitter (glutamate), their CO2 threshold is below that at which the CPG is activated, and they have selective projections to the brainstem regions th ...
... the VMS, their sensitivity to pH is high and independent of the activity of the rest of the respiratory network. RTN neurons release an excitatory transmitter (glutamate), their CO2 threshold is below that at which the CPG is activated, and they have selective projections to the brainstem regions th ...
Sequential Development of Electrical and Chemical Synaptic
... Neuronal circuits form during embryonic life, even before synapses are completely mature. Developmental changes can be quantitative (e.g., connections become stronger and more reliable) or qualitative (e.g., synapses form, are lost, or switch from electrical to chemical or from excitatory to inhibit ...
... Neuronal circuits form during embryonic life, even before synapses are completely mature. Developmental changes can be quantitative (e.g., connections become stronger and more reliable) or qualitative (e.g., synapses form, are lost, or switch from electrical to chemical or from excitatory to inhibit ...
Integrating Top-Down and Bottom
... driven by the bottom-up pathway. In spite of these data, however, the underlying mechanisms and the origin of the remarkable difference between effects of bottomup and top-down signals are unresolved. Taking a particular approach to investigate top-down interactions in the temporal domain, recent ex ...
... driven by the bottom-up pathway. In spite of these data, however, the underlying mechanisms and the origin of the remarkable difference between effects of bottomup and top-down signals are unresolved. Taking a particular approach to investigate top-down interactions in the temporal domain, recent ex ...
Sleep and sleep states: Thalamic regulation
... 7–14 Hz oscillations, organized within a waxingand-waning envelope, that recur periodically every 10–20 s. In cats and rodents, spindle waves of similar characteristics appear during slow-wave sleep and are typically more prominent at sleep onset. They are enhanced by some anesthetics, such as barbi ...
... 7–14 Hz oscillations, organized within a waxingand-waning envelope, that recur periodically every 10–20 s. In cats and rodents, spindle waves of similar characteristics appear during slow-wave sleep and are typically more prominent at sleep onset. They are enhanced by some anesthetics, such as barbi ...
35 | the nervous system
... have small protrusions called dendritic spines, which further increase surface area for possible synaptic connections. Once a signal is received by the dendrite, it then travels passively to the cell body. The cell body contains a specialized structure, the axon hillock that integrates signals from ...
... have small protrusions called dendritic spines, which further increase surface area for possible synaptic connections. Once a signal is received by the dendrite, it then travels passively to the cell body. The cell body contains a specialized structure, the axon hillock that integrates signals from ...
Molecular Mechanisms of Appetite Regulation
... induces activation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-STAT3 signaling and inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity [22]. Activation of hypothalamic leptin signaling causes an increase in neuronal activity of POMC/CART neurons while it decreases activity of NPY/AgRP neurons [23], resulting in ...
... induces activation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-STAT3 signaling and inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity [22]. Activation of hypothalamic leptin signaling causes an increase in neuronal activity of POMC/CART neurons while it decreases activity of NPY/AgRP neurons [23], resulting in ...
Ventromedial Thalamic Neurons Convey Nociceptive Signals from
... Only one cell was studied per animal, and these were always units that showed no alteration in spike amplitude or waveform during the entire experimental procedure. Statistical anal yses. The data were analyzed by Student’s t tests and nonlinear regression. The level of significance was set at p , 0 ...
... Only one cell was studied per animal, and these were always units that showed no alteration in spike amplitude or waveform during the entire experimental procedure. Statistical anal yses. The data were analyzed by Student’s t tests and nonlinear regression. The level of significance was set at p , 0 ...