Potassium Currents Responsible for Inward and Outward
... in response to hyperpolarizing voltage ramps (Jiang and North, 1991). Thus, these data suggest that I,,, is responsible for inward rectification and contributes to the resting potential of spiny projection neurons. The outward rectification of neostriatal spiny neurons is postulated to depend upon s ...
... in response to hyperpolarizing voltage ramps (Jiang and North, 1991). Thus, these data suggest that I,,, is responsible for inward rectification and contributes to the resting potential of spiny projection neurons. The outward rectification of neostriatal spiny neurons is postulated to depend upon s ...
Assembly and Function of Spinal Circuits for Motor Control
... family of transcription factors to regulate the expression profile of two classes of homeodomain (HD) transcription factors (Class I/Class II) in the ventral spinal cord (Shirasaki & Pfaff 2002). Shh induces expression of the more ventrally expressed Class II protein genes, whereas genes encoding Cl ...
... family of transcription factors to regulate the expression profile of two classes of homeodomain (HD) transcription factors (Class I/Class II) in the ventral spinal cord (Shirasaki & Pfaff 2002). Shh induces expression of the more ventrally expressed Class II protein genes, whereas genes encoding Cl ...
Chapter 2 - IFSC-USP
... Another type of electrical signal is associated with communication between neurons at synaptic contacts. Activation of these synapses generates synaptic potentials, which allow transmission of information from one neuron to another. An example of such a signal is shown in Figure 2.1B. In this case, ...
... Another type of electrical signal is associated with communication between neurons at synaptic contacts. Activation of these synapses generates synaptic potentials, which allow transmission of information from one neuron to another. An example of such a signal is shown in Figure 2.1B. In this case, ...
studies on the development and organisation of the nervous system
... A growth cone is a specialised structure at the tip of any growing neurite that migrates through the animal, spinning out the nerve process behind it. This is not the only means by which nerve processes can be lengthened, since change in size and shape of the animal is matched by addition of new mat ...
... A growth cone is a specialised structure at the tip of any growing neurite that migrates through the animal, spinning out the nerve process behind it. This is not the only means by which nerve processes can be lengthened, since change in size and shape of the animal is matched by addition of new mat ...
Opposite Functions of Histamine H1 and H2 Receptors and H3
... conductance, monitored with 10-mV voltage pulses, was also significantly increased from 5.32 ⫾ 0.46 nS under control to 7.21 ⫾ 0.75 nS (n ⫽ 19, P ⬍ 0.01) during histamine application, suggesting an opening of ion channels. Voltage ramp experiments revealed that histamine increased the whole cell cur ...
... conductance, monitored with 10-mV voltage pulses, was also significantly increased from 5.32 ⫾ 0.46 nS under control to 7.21 ⫾ 0.75 nS (n ⫽ 19, P ⬍ 0.01) during histamine application, suggesting an opening of ion channels. Voltage ramp experiments revealed that histamine increased the whole cell cur ...
PPT
... – Neurons contributing to the LFP signals have more diverse response properties the ones contributing to either SUA or MUA – Ex) LFP is a poor predictor of the behavior of single neurons LFP correlates better w/ the average signal of the neuronal population ...
... – Neurons contributing to the LFP signals have more diverse response properties the ones contributing to either SUA or MUA – Ex) LFP is a poor predictor of the behavior of single neurons LFP correlates better w/ the average signal of the neuronal population ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
... Kaseda, and Hideo Sakata. Selectivity for the shape, size, and orientation of objects for grasping in neurons of monkey parietal area AIP. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2580 –2601, 2000. In this study, we mainly investigated the visual selectivity of hand-manipulation-related neurons in the anterior intrapar ...
... Kaseda, and Hideo Sakata. Selectivity for the shape, size, and orientation of objects for grasping in neurons of monkey parietal area AIP. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2580 –2601, 2000. In this study, we mainly investigated the visual selectivity of hand-manipulation-related neurons in the anterior intrapar ...
Measurement of variability dynamics in cortical spike trains
... are relevant for the methods and introduce the concept of operational time that provides the means for the analysis of spike train irregularity in rate-modulated pocesses. 2.1.1. Renewal point processes Stochastic point processes are frequently employed as mathematical models for neuronal spiking (e ...
... are relevant for the methods and introduce the concept of operational time that provides the means for the analysis of spike train irregularity in rate-modulated pocesses. 2.1.1. Renewal point processes Stochastic point processes are frequently employed as mathematical models for neuronal spiking (e ...
Biophysics of Extracellular Action Potentials
... the same cells’ reconstructions. The model accurately reproduces both the waveform and the amplitude of the EAPs. The composition of ionic currents is reflected in the features of each cell’s EAP, while dendritic morphology has little impact. I compared constraining a compartmental model to fit the ...
... the same cells’ reconstructions. The model accurately reproduces both the waveform and the amplitude of the EAPs. The composition of ionic currents is reflected in the features of each cell’s EAP, while dendritic morphology has little impact. I compared constraining a compartmental model to fit the ...
Neuronal responses to face-like and facial stimuli in the monkey
... University of Toyama. Every effort was made to minimize the number of animals used and their suffering. The study had been approved by the Committee for Animal Experiments and Ethics at the University of Toyama. In a shielded room, the monkey sat in a monkey chair that was located 68 cm away from th ...
... University of Toyama. Every effort was made to minimize the number of animals used and their suffering. The study had been approved by the Committee for Animal Experiments and Ethics at the University of Toyama. In a shielded room, the monkey sat in a monkey chair that was located 68 cm away from th ...
Articles in PresS. J Neurophysiol (March 20, 2003). 10.1152/jn
... viewed as simply excitatory or inhibitory. For example, activation of the D1 type dopamine receptors alone can either enhance or suppress responses of spiny neurons depending on the prior state of the neuron (Hernandez-Lopez et al. 1997). This state-dependence arises from the coordinated modulation ...
... viewed as simply excitatory or inhibitory. For example, activation of the D1 type dopamine receptors alone can either enhance or suppress responses of spiny neurons depending on the prior state of the neuron (Hernandez-Lopez et al. 1997). This state-dependence arises from the coordinated modulation ...
- TestbankU
... Rationale: Astrocytes form scar tissue in brain that acts to impede the regrowth of nerve cells. 2.1-37. Myelination of brain nerve axon membranes is accomplished by a. oligodendrocytes. b. microglia. c. astrocytes. d. neurocytes. e. Schwann cells. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 2.1-37 Page Ref: 37 Topi ...
... Rationale: Astrocytes form scar tissue in brain that acts to impede the regrowth of nerve cells. 2.1-37. Myelination of brain nerve axon membranes is accomplished by a. oligodendrocytes. b. microglia. c. astrocytes. d. neurocytes. e. Schwann cells. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 2.1-37 Page Ref: 37 Topi ...
What and Where Information in the Caudate Tail Guides Saccades
... 15°, and the center). The task started with the Figure 1. AnatomyoftheCDt.A,AnMRimageincludingthecaudatetail.Theimageplaneistiltedlaterallyby25°inwhichmostofthe presentation of a central spot of light [fixation electrode tracks to the CDt are included. The CDt is indicated by arrows. Below the CDt i ...
... 15°, and the center). The task started with the Figure 1. AnatomyoftheCDt.A,AnMRimageincludingthecaudatetail.Theimageplaneistiltedlaterallyby25°inwhichmostofthe presentation of a central spot of light [fixation electrode tracks to the CDt are included. The CDt is indicated by arrows. Below the CDt i ...
Neural Induction in Xenopus: Requirement for Ectodermal and
... The origin of the signals that induce the differentiation of the central nervous system (CNS) is a long-standing question in vertebrate embryology. Here we show that Xenopus neural induction starts earlier than previously thought, at the blastula stage, and requires the combined activity of two dist ...
... The origin of the signals that induce the differentiation of the central nervous system (CNS) is a long-standing question in vertebrate embryology. Here we show that Xenopus neural induction starts earlier than previously thought, at the blastula stage, and requires the combined activity of two dist ...
Cross-modal Circuitry Between Auditory and
... or integration are comparatively rare. Furthermore, when neurons receiving auditory and somatosensory inputs have been reported, they showed the lowest incidence among the different patterns of multisensory convergence (Meredith and Stein, 1986; Wallace et al., 1992, 1993; Jiang et al., 1994a,b). Al ...
... or integration are comparatively rare. Furthermore, when neurons receiving auditory and somatosensory inputs have been reported, they showed the lowest incidence among the different patterns of multisensory convergence (Meredith and Stein, 1986; Wallace et al., 1992, 1993; Jiang et al., 1994a,b). Al ...
Read as PDF
... The third group was the dorsal lateral cluster found laterally in each cerebropleural hemiganglion near the roots of the anterior and posterior cerebropedal connectives (Figs. 2A, 3). The dorsal lateral cluster consisted of five to seven small (70–80 µm), medium (160–180 µm), and one giant somata. L ...
... The third group was the dorsal lateral cluster found laterally in each cerebropleural hemiganglion near the roots of the anterior and posterior cerebropedal connectives (Figs. 2A, 3). The dorsal lateral cluster consisted of five to seven small (70–80 µm), medium (160–180 µm), and one giant somata. L ...
Serotonin in the inferior colliculus fluctuates with behavioral state
... Carbon fiber electrodes were electrically and chemically treated prior to use. These treatments increase the sensitivity to and selectivity for 5-HT. To separate the electrochemical signal of 5-HT from that of other oxidizable molecules, all electrodes were electrically treated in phosphate-citrate ...
... Carbon fiber electrodes were electrically and chemically treated prior to use. These treatments increase the sensitivity to and selectivity for 5-HT. To separate the electrochemical signal of 5-HT from that of other oxidizable molecules, all electrodes were electrically treated in phosphate-citrate ...
Contextual Modulation of Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Neurons
... firing rate during a 150-ms interval beginning 100 ms before movement onset. Data averaged into 2° ⫻ 2° bins and plotted over ⫾20° of horizontal and vertical amplitude. Gray arrows indicate baseline rate. ...
... firing rate during a 150-ms interval beginning 100 ms before movement onset. Data averaged into 2° ⫻ 2° bins and plotted over ⫾20° of horizontal and vertical amplitude. Gray arrows indicate baseline rate. ...
Kazumi TAKAHASHI†*, Jian-Sheng LIN† and Kazuya - HAL
... The microelectrode was attached perpendicular to the electrode holder of a pulse motor microdrive manipulator (MO-81, Narishige). After determination of the AP and ML stereotaxic coordinates using the guide cannula as a reference, the electrode was placed over a target structure. The exposed brain s ...
... The microelectrode was attached perpendicular to the electrode holder of a pulse motor microdrive manipulator (MO-81, Narishige). After determination of the AP and ML stereotaxic coordinates using the guide cannula as a reference, the electrode was placed over a target structure. The exposed brain s ...
Mechanisms of developmental neurite pruning
... Another example for temporally and spatially regulated developmental axon pruning that takes place by local fragmentation is the formation of the retinotopic map of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) at the superior colliculus (SC). Work pioneered by O’Leary and colleagues has shown that RGCs initially se ...
... Another example for temporally and spatially regulated developmental axon pruning that takes place by local fragmentation is the formation of the retinotopic map of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) at the superior colliculus (SC). Work pioneered by O’Leary and colleagues has shown that RGCs initially se ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... collection continued until the bin with the smallest number of cells (usually from the vicinity of lamina 4B) exceeded 20 neurons. Only those neurons in which a nucleus could be discerned were counted. The proportion of GABAergic neurons as a function of depth was determined by counting GABA immunor ...
... collection continued until the bin with the smallest number of cells (usually from the vicinity of lamina 4B) exceeded 20 neurons. Only those neurons in which a nucleus could be discerned were counted. The proportion of GABAergic neurons as a function of depth was determined by counting GABA immunor ...
Discharge Patterns of Neurons in the Ventral Nucleus of the Lateral
... For each electrode penetration, the position of the electrode was set relative to a reference mark on the skull. The depth at which each neuron was studied was recorded. In three animals, locations of recording sites were reconstructed chiefly from reference marks that were made at selected sites du ...
... For each electrode penetration, the position of the electrode was set relative to a reference mark on the skull. The depth at which each neuron was studied was recorded. In three animals, locations of recording sites were reconstructed chiefly from reference marks that were made at selected sites du ...
Caffeine promotes glutamate and histamine release in the posterior
... administration, animals were deeply anesthetized (pentobarbital sodium, 100 mg/kg ip) and transcardially perfused with 0.1 M PBS. The brain tissue obtained from experimental and control animals was processed together (at least two animals per batch) for immunostaining. Brain sections were cut at 30 ...
... administration, animals were deeply anesthetized (pentobarbital sodium, 100 mg/kg ip) and transcardially perfused with 0.1 M PBS. The brain tissue obtained from experimental and control animals was processed together (at least two animals per batch) for immunostaining. Brain sections were cut at 30 ...
Effect of Tactile Inputs on Thalamic Responses to Noxious
... al. 1993; Rigamonti et al. 1978). A large number of neurons in the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) respond to both visceral and tactile stimulation (for review, see Al-Chaer et al. 1996a; Berkley and Hubscher 1995; Willis et al. 1999). Recent studies (e.g., Al-Chaer et al. 1996a– c, 1997a,b, 1998) have d ...
... al. 1993; Rigamonti et al. 1978). A large number of neurons in the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) respond to both visceral and tactile stimulation (for review, see Al-Chaer et al. 1996a; Berkley and Hubscher 1995; Willis et al. 1999). Recent studies (e.g., Al-Chaer et al. 1996a– c, 1997a,b, 1998) have d ...
Inactivation of Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex Reveals
... saccades. To test the hypothesis that the reciprocal projections between parietal and prefrontal neurons may entrain their parallel activation, the present experiments have combined cortical cooling in one cortical area with single-unit recording in the other to more precisely determine the physiolo ...
... saccades. To test the hypothesis that the reciprocal projections between parietal and prefrontal neurons may entrain their parallel activation, the present experiments have combined cortical cooling in one cortical area with single-unit recording in the other to more precisely determine the physiolo ...